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MANCHESTER 

AS IT IS: 



OR, NOTICES OF THE INSTITUTIONS, MANUFACTURES, 
COMMERCE, RAILWAYS, ETC. 

OF THE 

METKOPOLIS OF MANUFACTURES: 

INTERSPERSED WITH MUCH VALUABLE INFORMATION USEFUL FOR 

THE RESIDENT AND STRANGER. 



WITH NUMEROUS STEEL ENGRAVINGS, AND A MAP. 



Jfttatxdjestn: : 

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY LOVE AND BARTON: 

LONDON! W. S. ORR AND CO., AND 

BALL, ARNOLD, AND CO. 

1839, 






\0 boo 



LOVE AND BARTON, PRINTERS, MANCHESTER, 



TO 

JONATHAN COCKER, ESQ., 

OF SALFORB, 

AS 

A MARK OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM, 

AS WELL AS 

AN EXPRESSION OF OBLIGATION FOR THE KIND INTEREST 

HE HAS TAKEN 

IN THE COMPILATION OF THE FOLLOWING PAGES, 

THIS SMALL VOLUME 

IS VERY RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, 

BY 

LOVE AND BARTON. 



NOTICE, 



The Publishers of " Manchester as it is" take this oppor- 
tunity of stating, that a principal part of the Contents of this 
work has been furnished by parties connected with the insti- 
tutions, objects, &c, described; and where such has not been 
the case, the descriptions have been drawn up, with a view 
to accuracy, from the most authentic sources. To those 
gentlemen who have so kindly furnished the necessary informa- 
tion, the Publishers beg to express their deep sense of obligation. 

The plates which embellish the work are all from original 
designs, with the exception of that of "the Athenaeum,' ' 
which, by permission of Mr. Worthington, Honorary Secre- 
tary to that institution, is reduced from Mr. Barry's original 
drawing. The engraving of the " Bridge water Foundry" is 
from a sketch kindly furnished by Mr. James N as myth, one 
of the partners of that establishment. All the plates have 
had advantage of the abilities of Mr. Stephenson, a gentle- 
man who, for several years past, has been studying under the 
direction of Finden, the celebrated Metropolitan engraver, 
and whose productions have, from time to time, appeared in 
first-class of illustrated annuals. 

Altogether, this little work, it is hoped, will be found to 
contain much valuable matter for reference to the residents ; 
and much that may serve as a silent cicerone to the visitor, 
who desires to obtain some knowledge of the manners and 
institutions of this great Emporium of England's staple manu- 
factures. 

No, 10, Market-street, Manchester, 
July 25, 1839. 
A 2 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER L 

PAGE. 

Situation of the Boroughs of Manchester and 
Salford — Retrospective Review — Extent of 
the Cotton Trade — Geology of Manchester 
— Coal Field of Lancashire — Condition of 
the Working Classes — Commercial Men, &c. 9 

CHAP. II. 
Places of Worship 41 

CHAP III. 
Charitable Institutions 61 

CHAP. IV. 
Benevolent, Moral, and Religious Societies 73 

CHAP. V. 
Education, &c 80 

CHAP. VI. 

Literary and Educational Institutions 100 

CHAP. VII. 

Literary and Scientific Institutions 110 

CHAP. VIII. 
Libraries 127 

CHAP. IX. 
Clubs 136 



CONTENTS. 
CHAP. X. 

PAGE. 

Amusements, etc. 138 

CHAP. XL 

Town's Offices — Buildings —and Public Compa- 
nies — Markets— Fairs, etc. etc 145 

CHAP. XII. 
New Bailey Prison — Law Courts, etc. ., 163 

CHAP. XIII. 
Railways 168 

CHAP. XIV. 
Cemeteries 179 

CHAP. XV. 
Vicinities of Manchester 181 

CHAP. XVI. 
Eminent Persons — Writers — Newspapers, etc.... 185 

CHAP. XVII. 
Commercial and other Buildings — Commerce, etc. 191 

CHAP. XVIII. 
Warehouses— Mechanics, etc 200 

CHAP. XIX. 
Registration Offices— Starting of the Railway 
Trains— Post Office Regulations — Omnibuses 
— Hackney Coach Stands, and Regulations 
—Coach Offices — Hotels and Inns— Police 
Districts — Charter, and Wards under the 
Charter , 222 



LIST OF PLATES, 



Bridgewater Foundry Frontispiece. 

Collegiate Church opposite page 41 

Royal Infirmary 61 

Royal Institution 61 

Chetham College 80 

Blind Asylum, and D eaf and Dumb School 88 

Female Penitentiary 88 

Athenaeum 100 

Union Club House ]00 

Natural History Society's Hall 124 

Corn Exchange 124 

Zoological Gardens, (plan) 138 

Town Hall, Manchester 145 

New Concert Hall 145 

Town Hall, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 146 

Town Hall, Salford 146 

Exchange 391 

Portico 191 

Plan of Streets and Railways, in Manchester 244 



CHAPTER I. 



SITUATION OF THE BOROUGHS OF MANCHESTER AND 
SALFORD — RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW — EXTENT OF 
THE COTTON TRADE — GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER 
— COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE — CONDITION OF 
THE WORKING CLASSES — COMMERCIAL MEN, &C. 

SITUATION AND SCENERY. 

Manchester is situated on the east bank of the 
river Irwell, in the south-east corner of the county 
palatine of Lancaster. Salford bears the same rela- 
tion to Manchester that Southwark does to London. 
Across the Irwell there are, as will be subsequently 
particularized, several handsome bridges, by means 
of which communication is carried on between the 
two boroughs. Manchester and Salford are 184 
miles distant from London by coach-road, and 211 
miles distant by railroad. The boroughs cover a 
space equal in extent to nearly 3000 acres, and 
include the following townships : — Ardwick, Brad- 
ford and Beswick, Cheetham, Chorlton-upon-Med- 
lock, Harpurhey, Hulme, Manchester and Newton; 
Salford, Pendleton, Broughton, and Pendlebury. 
i Besides the Irwell there are two other rivers flowing 
through parts of the towns ; the Irk, which dis- 
charges itself into the Irwell to the north of Man- 
chester, and the Medlock, which empties its waters 
into the Irwell at the south-western side of the town. 
These rivers are made extensively available for 
manufacturing purposes ; hence their waters near 
the town are thick, black, and filthy. 

The scenery in the neighbourhood of Manchester 
is very beautiful. From the preface to a poem en- 
titled " A Prospect of Manchester," published 

B 



10 SITUATION AND SCENERY. 

in 1813, the following excellent description of it 
is extracted: — 

" The view of the country which has been the 
occasion of the present composition, is one which 
may be caught from any of the first range of hills 
adjacent to the great northern road. If an ima- 
ginary line be drawn upon the map from the mouth 
of the Mersey, and another from the mouth of the 
Kibble, meeting each other a few miles behind 
Manchester, they will include within them the view 
here alluded to. 

" This plain, upon which are placed so many 
flourishing towns, is bounded to the left by the hills 
of Cheshire and Derbyshire ; more distantly, the 
high hills of Wales may be observed. To the right, 
the hills of Lancashire confine the prospect, stretch- 
ing up into Westmoreland and Cumberland. The 
front of the view opens to the west in one continued 
flat, extending down to the sea. And the back 
ground is made up by the bleak and barren moun- 
tains of Yorkshire. 

" The grandeur of this view consists in the mag- 
nitude of the plain, and the completeness of the 
hilly barrier encompassing it. The beauties consist 
rather in objects of art than of nature ; for, whenever 
a country becomes populous, nature is always com- 
pelled to give way to the convenience or the caprice 
of man. Travellers contemplating this prospect, 
are struck with the number of large towns and vil- 
lages brought into view at one time, and from one 
point. Manchester, Stockport, Ashton, Oldham, 
Bolton, Bury, and Middleton, with innumerable 
small villages, may be observed within a few minutes' 
ride. The great roads may be traced by the various 
inflections of the houses upon the flat ; long portions 
of canal frequently break upon the eye ; clumps of 
trees and young plantations point out the seats oft he 
nobility and gentry ; a few patches of brown moss- 



RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 1 1 

land relieve ; and the whole forms a scene rich and 
magnificent, rarely equalled, perhaps nowhere ex- 
celled." 

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 

In the year 1 774, according to a census then 
taken, the parish of Manchester contained 41,032 
inhabitants ; according to the parliamentary census 
of 1831, it contained a population of 270,961. 
Eight years have elapsed since that period, and it 
may fairly be presumed that the present popula- 
tion will amount to at, least three hundred thousand 
souls ! Such an increase to take place in a period 
within the memory of many individuals, is perhaps 
unparalleled. There are many old inhabitants living 
who recollect the town when very circumscribed in 
its limits. They remember a time, for instance, when 
Ardwick Green, now connected with the town by 
continuous lines of houses, was a long country walk 
— when the site of the present substantial warehouses 
in New Market-buildings was a pool of water— 
when the present handsome sheet of water in front 
of the Infirmary was a stagnant pond— when Oxford- 
road and Lower Mosley-street, and all the districts 
beyond, were yet fields and gardens — when High- 
street, and Cannon-street, and the upper end of 
Market- street, and St. Ann's-square, were private 
dwellings. They can recollect the first factory erected 
in the town — the one in Miller's-lane — and the crowds 
of people that flocked to see the high chimney be- 
longing to it, when it was in progress of erection— 
they remember Strangeways, when a public-house, 
its bowling-green, and the pile called Strangeways- 
hall, were the only encroachments on green fields 
and pastures stretching even to Hunt's-bank — they 
tell of the time when a coach to Liverpool started at 
six o'clock in the morning, and reached its destination 
at the same hour in the evening. To the present 



12 RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 

generation the reminiscences of these not very aged 
individuals, seem marvellous ; but their accuracy is 
unquestionable. It is within the last sixty years that 
Manchester has multiplied its population by seven, 
and has risen from comparatively a small town to be 
one of the most populous and important places in the 
world. The very recent extension of its borders 
will account for the absence, except in a few anti- 
quated districts, of old buildings in its neighbour- 
hood. There is a modern appearance in the houses 
in every suburb, which indicates their erection to be 
of recent date. Notwithstanding this circumstance, 
Manchester has high claims to antiquity. The Col- 
legiate Church and College extend those claims four 
hundred years back. Beyond that period, Doomsday 
Book and other ancient records substantiate them 
for several antecedent centuries ; and Mr. Whittaker 
conjectures the date of the foundation of the town 
to be five hundred years before the birth of Christ. 
Without attempting any description of, or rather 
speculation as to so remote a period, we may remark 
that Mr. Whittaker seems to have no doubt that the 
" Roman invaders of -this country fixed a station for 
a body of troops in a place since called Castlefield, 
to which they gave the appellation of Mancunium." 
A town was raised in the neighbourhood, and a 
castle was erected. In the times of the Saxons the 
old town was deserted, and about the year a.d. 627, 
another town was founded. In the Danish invasion 
this new town was in a great part destroyed. About 
a.d. 920, the king of the Mercians ordered the city 
of Manchester to be fortified.* Doomsday Book 
mentions two churches as existing at the time of its 
compilation, and calls the town a manor. In 1301, 
Thomas Grelle granted a charter to Manchester, and 
constituted it a borough. In 1313, John de la Warre 

• Aikin. 



RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 13 

became lord of the manor of Manchester. The 
manor-house was on the site of the college ; it was 
called Baron's Court. A descendant of the family, 
in 1422, became rector of Manchester. He founded 
the college. The present fabric of Christ's Church, 
now called the Old Church, was erected about this date. 

The town now became a place of note. Leland, 
who travelled through the kingdom in the reign of 
Henry VIIL, describes Manchester as " the fairest, 
best builded, quickest, and most populous town of 
Lancashire." Camden,* speaking of the town in his 
time, mentions its fame for the manufacture of stuffs 
called " Manchester cottons," which were a species 
of woollen cloths. 

After all that can be said in relation to the anti- 
quity of Manchester, that which must ever excite the 
greatest interest is the rise and progress of the arts 
of manufacturing, for which the town is pre-eminently 
celebrated. In an act passed in the reign of Edward 
VI. in 1552, Manchester cottons are noticed, it being 
ordered " that all full wrought to the sale shall 
be twenty-two yards long and three-quarters of a 
yard wide, and weigh thirty pounds to the piece." 
From other expressions in the act, it appears that 
Manchester cottons were at that time made of wool. 
In Elizabeth's reign an act was passed which autho- 
rized the queen's aulneger to set his seal to manu- 
factured cloth. In 1641, owing to a pestilence in 
the town, it is stated that most of the inhabitants 
living upon trade were ruined in their estate. 

Fustians formed one of the earliest articles of ma- 
nufacture in Manchester. Humphry Chetham, the 
founder of the Blue Coat School, was, according to 
Aikin, a dealer in fustians. Notwithstanding the 
celebrity of the town for manufactures, no great 
increase of population took place till the latter end 

* Born 1551 ; died 1623. 
b 2 



14 RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 

of the eighteenth century. In 1717 the population 
was only 8,000. Half a century more elapsed before 
the town tripled that amount. 

About that date trade and population began to 
present an altered aspect. In the year 1769, Ark- 
wright obtained a patent for spinning by rollers. 
The great hindrance to manufactures, which a scarcity 
of yarn had occasioned, was the prompting cause to 
this invention, Hargreaves, Crompton, and Lees, 
followed Arkwright in obtaining patents for various 
important machines. Their discoveries, succeeded 
by many great improvements being made in the con- 
struction of the steam-engine — which, in this neigh- 
bourhood, began to be used as the principal moving 
power — constituted a new era in the history of Man- 
chester. As proof of the progression of the cotton 
trade, it may be stated that, in 1768, the whole trade 
did not return more than £200,000 to the country; 
whereas, in 1788, it amounted to seven millions ster- 
ling. The principal manufactures were originally 
located near Manchester; but thence, as from a cen- 
tre, they gradually extended to the adjacent towns ; 
and wherever they diffused themselves, wealth * 
began to abound and population to increase. The 

* The early manufacturers of the town realized great pro- 
fits, which seem to be satirically alluded to in a burlesque 
pamphlet, published in Manchester about the year 1785 (as 
it is thought), entitled " The Adventures of a Sixpence ; 
shewing the method of setting up tradesmen without money.'' 
The writer, in one part of his essay says, in allusion to the 
character who is made the subject of ridicule : 

" I soon found by the exorbitant profit he laid upon all his 
goods, that if he got paid for two parts out of three, he was 
no loser. 

Sixpence a-piece these laces pick, 

Don't think 1 cheat or cozen ; 
At Manchester they cost last week 
At least two groats a dozen." 
By "costing that sum in Manchester," the expenses of pro- 
duction or manufacture are doubtless alluded to. 



COTTON TRADE. 



15 



peculiar advantages of Lancashire made the county 
almost a monopolizer of this source of national wealth. 
A district rich in coal-fields, contiguous to an impor- 
tant port, possessing excellent facilities of transit* — 
few other localities possessed such advantages,; — none 
had so great a combination of them, and therefore 
none could successfully rival the manufactures of 
Lancashire. Trade continued rapidly to increase. 
In 1802, the imports of cotton into Great Britain 
amounted to 281,383 bags, and since that time a 
regular progression has gone forward. As the raw 
material more particularly intended for the Man- 
chester markets is brought into Liverpool, a list of 
the imports into that port for a series of years will 
best convey an idea of the amazing increase of the 
cotton trade in this town and neighbourhood. 

YEARLY IMPORTS OF COTTON INTO LIVERPOOL, FROM 1807 
TO 1837, INCLUSIVE (IN BAGS).t 



Years. 


Imports 


Years. 


Imports. 


1807 


196,467 
66,215 
267,283 
320,421 
170,133 
171,581 
143,394 
182,345 


1815 


273,560 
276,930 
314,181 
425,395 
366,186 
458,693 
413,151 
453,903 


1808 

1809 


1816 


1817 


1810 


1818 


1811 


1819 


1812 


1820 


1813 


1821 


1814 


1822 




Years. 


Imports. 


Years. 


Imports. 


1823 


578,547 
447,960 
706,305 
4^9,256 
756,366 
631,359 
641,362 
793,411 


1831 

1832 


793,367 
778,785 
843,859 
839,951 
769,579 
1,023,263 
1,033,773 


1824 


1825 


1833 


1826 .. 

1827 


1834 


1835 


1828 

1829 

1830 


1836 


1837 





* The Bridge water Canal was opened in 1761. 
t In 1755 the import of Cotton into Liverpool from America 
was only 5 bags; in 1786, 6 bags ; and in 1787, 108 bags. 



16 COTTON TRADE. 

EXTENT OF THE COTTON TRADE IN GREAT BRITAIN. 

The following statement * will afford interesting 
information as to the progress and present extent of 
the cotton trade of Great Britain : — 

1820. Consumption of Cotton in Great 

Britain (Porter's Tables) 152,829,633 lbs. 

1834. do. do, do 302,935,657 

1835. do. do. do 326,407,692 

1836. do. do. do 363,684,232 

1837. do. (Part. Ret. No. of 1838) 378,019,680 

1838. do. do. an authentic return 460,000,000 

Shewing an increase during the last four years of 
fifty-three per cent ! 

" According to the report of the Factory Commis- 
sioners, there were employed in cotton- spinning fac- 
tories 229, 1 34 persons ; the general average of the 
wages of the persons employed about Glasgow was 
10s. 5 id. per week.f A proportionate rate, both in 
numbers and amount, may be allowed for the in- 
creased trade in this and other departments; and 
placing it in this way, the produce and value of the 
cotton trade will stand thus — 

Consumption, 1838. £. 

700,0001b. Sea Island, at 25d 729,166 

453,COO,OC01b. other sorts, at lOd. 18,875,000 

Cost of raw material 19,604,166 

Spinning Factories — 
229,134atl0s.5id. per week wages £5,773,062 

114,567 Inc. 50 per cent 2,886,531 

8,659,593 

Power -looms — 
60,000 at 12s. 7d. per week wages 1,964,000 
30,000 Inc. 50 percent 982,000 

2,946,000 

Bobbinet and Hosiery Trade — 

211,000 (Mr. Baines) wages 1,100,000 

105,500 Inc. 50 per cent 550,000 

1,650,000 

* See an article in Manchester Chronicle, March 16, 1839. 
t In Manchester, the average is a trifle more. 



COTTON TRADE. 17 

Printers, fyc. 8fc. — 

240,000 at 10s. wages 6,240,000 

120,000 Inc. 50 per cent 3,120,000 

9,360,000 

Hand-loom weavers 280,000 at 12s. 
gross 8,596,000 

Replacing machinery eight years, tak- 
ing at the rate of increased capital, 4,312,500 

Intst. on increased capitl. £62,000,000 3,100,000 

Add for all other charges, oil, gas, 
flour, clerks, counting-houses, &c. 
&c, say 4,000,000 

9000 capitalists or masters, at wages, 
chief workmen, say £75 per annum, 
yearly 675,000 12,087,500 

Cost production yearly £62,908,259 

" The capital, fixed and floating, in every branch 
of the cotton trade, was, in 1834, £40,973,872; the 
produce £53,220,091 ; and, by the same rule, the 
capital fixed and floating in the trade for 1838 ought 
to be £62,961,082. 

" The increased consumption of cotton in 1838, 
beyond the consumption of 1837, was 21 \ per cent. 
The increased exportation of cotton goods was 4 per 
cent. ; the increased export of cotton yarn about 6 
per cent.; consequently the increased home con- 
sumption of cotton goods last year must have been 
\\\ per cent. Lord Stanley, in the late debate on 
the question of the corn laws, enumerated the extent 
of steam power added in the cotton districts of Lan- 
cashire, contracted in 1835 to be ready towards the 
close of 1837? to be about 8,600 horses' power. The 
proportion for the rest of the cotton districts of the 
kingdom would be 1,400 horse power, making to- 
gether 10,000. According to the report of the Fac- 
tory Commissioners there were, in 1834, in cotton 
factories, 33,000 horse power steam, and 11,000 
horse power water, together 44,000 horse power ; 
the increase, 10,000, on which is 22^ per cent , 
corresponding very nearly, indeed, with the in- 



18 COTTON TRADE. 

creased consumption of cotton which took place last 
year." 

Mr. M'Culioch has estimated that " allowance 
being made for old and infirm persons, children, &c, 
dependent upon those actually employed in the vari- 
ous departments of the cotton manufacture, and in 
the construction, repairs, &c, of the machinery and 
buildings required to carry it on, the entire cotton 
manufacture must furnish, on the most moderate com- 
putation, subsistence for from 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 
persons." 

The subjoined table of the reduced price of the 
same article of manufacture at various dates, will 
serve for a comment on the results of machinery : — 

£ s. d. 

Price of No. 100 cotton yarn, 1786 1 18 per pound. 

Ditto ditto ditto" 1800 9 5 do. 

Ditto ditto ditto 1833 2 11 do. 

Price of one piece of calico in 1814 14 7 

Ditto ditto ditto 1833 6 0£ 

We may conclude this section by observing that 
Manchester and the neighbouring towns seem to be the 
established locality for cotton manufactures. To es- 
tablish mills at a distance from this locality is almost 
impossible. In rural districts wages may, it is true, 
be lower ; but then in such places the master is the 
servant of his hands, (even supposing he can always 
obtain skilled labour) ; and they may compel him to 
accede to any exorbitant demand they please, under 
a threat that if he refuse his works shall be stopped. 
In Manchester this is not the case. Being the ren- 
dezvous of workpeople, there are always many want- 
ing situations ; and this circumstance prevents em- 
ployers from being perplexed with vexatious annoy- 
ance from workpeople. And there is never likely 
to be any scarcity of hands ; for as those employed in 
many manufactures are unacquainted with any other 
trade, leaving the town would, to them, be almost 
certain poverty. 



IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 



19 



STEAM POWER IN MANCHESTER AND SALFORD. 

The following is the report of a committee of the 
Manchester Statistical Society, appointed to ascer- 
tain the amount of steam power employed in various 
branches of manufacture in the parliamentary bo- 
roughs of Manchester and Salford. 1838 : — 

Total of 
Salford. the two 
Boroughs. 



Employment of the reported Horse Man- 
Power. Chester. 



HORSES POWER. 



Cotton-spiniiing and weaving 5272 

Bleaching, dyeing, printing, &c... 756 
Machine-making, foundries, &c... 508 
Silk-throwing and manufacture... 237^ 
Cotton thread and small wares ... 27Cf 

Collieries 106 

Sawmills 141 

Engraving for printing calicoes, &c. 75 

Fustian shearing 46 

Breweries 16 

Flax-spinning . — 

Chemical works 55 

Woollen 36 

Variously employed, but in no * 
department amounting in the j- 408 
aggregate to 50 horse power 



704 

521 

226 

104 

36 

100 

14 

6 

34 

62 

70 

11 

22 



6036 

1277 

734 

34U 

306 

206 

155 

81 

80 

78 

70 

66 

58 

436 



7926| ... 1998 ... 9924J 



IMPROVEMENTS-LOCAL GOVERNMENT, &c. 

Besides increasing rapidly in extent, the towns of 
Manchester and Salford are annually improving in 
the elegance of their appearance. Perhaps no town 
in the kingdom possessed, in proportion of half the 
wealth, has been so destitute, until lately, of orna- 
mental buildings and good streets as Manchester. 
This circumstance may be accounted for by the 
want, until within the last few years, of public 
funds for the improvement of the town. Liver- 



20 IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 

pool,* with her dock dues and wealthy corporation, 
can afford to deck herself out in external gaiety: 
and in this respect, perhaps, she excels Manchester ; 
but the latter town, and Salford also, have lately 
become possessed of a source of wealth, derivable 
from gas works (mentioned elsewhere), which is 
applied solely to their improvement, Many impor- 
tant alterations have already taken place, and many 
others are in contemplation. The spirit of improve- 
ment is contagious, and from the " Improvement 
Committee" of the police commissioners it has spread 
among private individuals. Owners of property come 
forward to meet the proposals of the " Committee of 
Improvement ;" and, consequently, widened streets 
became ornamented with good houses. Market-street 
is a notable example : from a dirty narrow lane, it has 
been converted into one of the handsomest streets in 
England. 



On the passing of the Reform Bill, Manchester 
and Salford were enfranchised, — the former borough 
returning two members, the latter one. The first 
election took place in 1832. There were five can- 

* The following may prove interesting : — 

" In the year 1837, 15,038 vessels entered the port of 
Liverpool. The tonnage for the same amounted to £191,330. 
In 1834, the number of vessels belonging to the port of 
Liverpool alone was 937, comprising in the whole, 202,063 
tons burthen. 11,397 seamen were employed in connection 
with them. The docks of Liverpool are so extensive, that, 
with those now in progress, they will contain a total area of 
water of upwards of one hundred and eleven acres, and pre- 
senting a broad quay space nine miles long. The extreme 
length of the river wall, when completed, will be rather 
more than two and a half miles. Prince's Dock alone cost 
the amazing sum of £461,059, exclusive of the land, which 
is valued at £100,000." — See Simms Public Works of Great 
Britain. 



LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 21 

didates for Manchester, who ranked thus at the close 
of the two days' poll : — 

M. Philips 2923 Whig. 

C. P. Thomson 2069 Whig. 

S. J. Loyd 1832 Moderate Conserv. 

J. T. Hope 1560 Conservative. 

W. Cobbett 1305 Radical. 

Total votes 9689* 

In Salford there were two candidates. The fol- 
lowing is a statement of the close of the first poll: — 

J. Brotherton 712 Liberal. 

W. Garnett 518 Conservative. 

Total votes 1230f 

The first elected candidates for both Manchester 
and Salford, have been ever since, and are still, the 
representatives of these boroughs. 

Manchester and Salford are municipal boroughs ; 
and, according to their ancient charters, have the 
privilege, respectively, of electing a boroughreeve. 
The affairs of both towns as to lighting, watching, 
and regulating them, are managed by commissioners 
of police, who are elected annually. Recently, Man- 
chester, including the principal surrounding town- 
ships, has had a charter of incorporation granted, 
(particulars of which are given elsewhere), and the 
privileges and immunities secured under the Muni- 
cipal Corporation Act are extended to this borough. 
Thos. Potter, Esq. is the present mayor. Manchester 
still retains her boroughreeve, in the person of Thos. 
Evans, Esq., who was elected at the court-leet of the 
lord of the manor, in October, 1 838. The borough 

* The constituency of the borough of Manchester, in 1838, 
numbered 11,995 votes. 

t The constituency of the borough of Salford, i» 1838, 
numbered 2,227 votes, 
c 



22 GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER. 

of Salford is not incorporated under the Municipal 
Corporation Act ; therefore its management and 
jurisdiction have undergone no recent change. 
John Leeming, Esq., is the present boroughreeve. 

GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER THE COAL FIELD OF 

LANCASHIRE. 

GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER. 

The rocks exhibited round Manchester belong to 
the saliferous and carboniferous groups, the stratas 
exposed being the 

Upper New Red Sandstone, 

Magnesian Limestone, 

Lower New Red Sandstone, or JRothe Todte Liegende, 

Upper Coal Measures. 

The extensive range of new red sandstone spreading 
over the rich lowlands of Cheshire, has its north- 
eastern terminus here. Near Medlock-bridge, Higher 
Ardwick, it rests unconformably upon the coal strata. 
Near the Vauxhall-gardens, St. George's-road, it is 
found covering the magnesian limestone. The mag- 
nesian limestone which, in the north of England, is 
several hundred feet in thickness, is here very limited, 
chiefly consisting of clays or marls. The true lime- 
stone is in several beds of a few inches thick, which, 
as well as the intervening clays, contain remains of 
aviculae, axinse, &c, fossils characteristic of the same 
formation in Yorkshire. Below this is the rothe todte 
liegende, which is well exhibited at the Vauxhall 
delph, where it may be seen resting unconformably 
upon the coal measures. It is here very unlike the 
same formation in Durham, bearing a more close 
resemblance to the new red sandstone, and contains 
none of the coal plants found at the above locality. 

The most interesting deposits exhibited near Man- 
chester are certainly the upper coal measures, as seen 
at the Ardwick limestone works, and at the weir on 



COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 23 

the river Medlock, near Pinmill-brow. At the former 
localities three beds of limestone are worked : they 
form nearly the top of the carboniferous series, being 
more than any other coal strata in the neighbour- 
hood. Their connection with the coals of Clayton 
and Bradford may be traced by following the banks 
of the river towards the canal aqueduct. The lime- 
stones are supposed by some to have been formed in 
fresh water, but this is doubtful. 

On the opposite side of the town, a fine example 
of a fault or dislocation occurs ; it runs along the 
valley of the Irwell, and disappears amongst the hills 
above Bolton. Its vertical extent is unknown, but 
is probably not less than seven hundred feet. At 
the collieries of Mr. Fitzgerald, near Pendleton, the 
upper coals (corresponding in some degree with those 
at Bradford) are met with, and continue to the cele- 
brated Worsley collieries, where they also form the 
top of the series. As we approach the range of hills 
seen near Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, and 
Chorley, the coals and rocks of the lower parts of 
the series exhibit themselves. 

The different beds in connection with the coal- 
seams contain many of the characteristic fossils of 
the carboniferous group : remains of fish have been 
found with most of the coals, whilst extinct and tro- 
pical forms of plants are in many places extremely 
abundant. The fish chiefly belong to the Sauroid 
and Lepidoid families of M. Agassi. The plants are 
ferns, fruits, gigantic reeds, and arborescent forms 
of cryptogamous plants, as well as many others of 
doubtful affinities. 

THE COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 

It has been calculated that the available coal beds 
of Lancashire amount in weight to the enormous 
sum of 8,400,000,000 tons. The total annual con- 



24 COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 

sumption of this coal, it has been estimated, amounts 
to 3,400,120 tons. Hence it is inferred that the 
coal field of Lancashire, at the present rate of con- 
sumption, will last 2,470 years.* 

Two thousand persons, it is believed, are employed 
in supplying Manchester alone with coal. 

For the following extract, which bears upon the 
subject, we are indebted to Wheeler's History of 
Manchester, a work which may be consulted with 
advantage by all persons wishing to prosecute their 
researches on Manchester : — 

" The coal strata have never been found, except 
lying between the magnesian limestone and the mill- 
stone : the former crops out at Ardwick, on the 
south-east, and the coal stratum commences in the 
adjoining township of Bradford. Taking the line of 
the Rochdale canal as a guide, the various coal strata 
crop out one after another, until, in the neighbourhood 
of Littleborough, the last valuable seam, appropri- 
ately called the ' Mountain Mine/ is discovered. 
Under this there is no mine of value. Taking the 
direction to the right or left, the same facts present 
themselves — towards Oldham, Bolton, Bury, Ashton, 
and indeed round the whole circumference of Man- 
chester. Beyond this boundary there is another 
extensive field in the Wigan district ; so that Man- 
chester has, in her own immediate vicinity, a copious 
supply of coal from the mines of Pendleton, Pendle- 
bury, Worsley, Ashton, Dukenfield, Oldham, Roch- 
dale, Middleton, Radcliffe, Tonge, Great and Little 
Lever, Darcy Lever, Hulton, &c. ; and travelling 
beyond this circle of about ten miles there is the 
second or Wigan coal district, embracing the districts 
of Hindley, Abram, Leigh, &c. Somewhat more out 
of the line, there are the Haydock, Huyton, Pember- 
ton, St. Helens', and other collieries ; but the facili- 

* Elias Hall. 



COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 25 

ties of conveyance being greater towards Liverpool 
than towards Manchester, the produce of those 
mines goes almost wholly to supply the former 
town. Wigan is the ultimate point from which coal 
are now sent to Manchester. The weekly consump- 
tion of Manchester and neighbourhood is estimated 
at about 26,000 tons ;* and it is believed that of this 
quantity only about a thousand tons are derived from 
the Wigan district. Until within the last three or 
four years, when the trade was encouraged by a re- 
duction of about a shilling in the ton on the Duke 
of Bridgewater's canal, no coal whatever came from 
that quarter, but as the mines more immediately 
contiguous to Manchester begin to fail, the remoter 
places will of course come to aid the market. At 
present, Bolton and Oldham supply the great bulk 
of coal : it is stated that forty boats, each contain- 
ing twenty tons, are employed by one colliery alone 
in that district. Pendleton, in point of situation, has 
the superiority over other collieries, inasmuch as the 
mines are within two miles of the centre of the town. 
Other coal-owners, however, are compelled to lower 
their prices to meet this advantage. At present, 
from 7s. 6d. to 8s. per ton is the rate at which coal 
is laid down at the engine-houses of factories, whilst 
for private consumption it is charged as high as 12s» 

* " It has been calculated, that in London, each individual 
consumes a ton of coal in the year. In these districts the 
consumption will, no doubt, be greater. A witness before a 
recent parliamentary committee, estimated the consumption 
of coal in factories after the rate of three quarters of a ton 
per week for every horse power. In a calculation for Man- 
chester, however, a very great addition must be made for the 
consumption in dye-works, bleach- works, foundries, &c. &c, 
which are said to use double as much coal as the cotton fac- 
tories. Taking the consumption of the town at 26,000 tons 
weekly, and the price at only 7s. 6d., Manchester pays above 
half a million yearly for coals. It must be remembered, how- 
ever, that coal for private houses is much higher priced than 
that for factories." 
c2 



26 INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. 

the ton. In 1831, engine coal obtained 10s. per 
ton, but the opening of new or the extension of old 
collieries at Pendleton, near Rochdale, and at Wors- 
ley, brought down the price to 6s., and since that 
time it has gradually recovered." 

The following calculation was furnished to the 
Manchester Statistical Society by Mr. Meadows : — 

COAL BROUGHT INTO MANCHESTER IN 1834 AND 1836, 

1834. 1836. 

Tons. Tons. 

By Canals 463,238 ... 579,728 

By Turnpike Roads and Railways 273,770 ... 334,263 



Total 737,008 915,991 



CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES, COMMERCIAL 
HABITS, &C 

INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES, &c. 

Manchester has, by some means, obtained at a 
distance, an unenviable notoriety on account of its 
rioting propensities. It is a matter of observation 
at home, that the exhibition of these propensities is 
a sure index of bad times. When trade is good, 
and the operative is fully employed, he has neither 
time nor inclination to grow disorderly ; but when- 
ever the reverse is the case — when, for instance, the 
operatives are working " short time," and they are 
compelled to live upon half their usual earnings — 
this circumstance, and the idle time on their hands, 
are almost sure, among the thousands of men who 
are here solely dependant upon their daily labor, 
to produce riotous discontent ; and there is never 
wanting a " leading spirit," who, more intellectual 
than the mass, knows how to " direct the storm," and 
perhaps scruples not to accelerate its progress, in 
order to derive pecuniary emolument to himself. 
Such have been the characteristics of several of the 
Manchester riots. 



INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. 27 

The following excellent observation on the influ- 
ence of manufactures on the morality and good order 
of the working classes, are extracted from a speech 
made by the Rev. R. Parkinson, M. A., Fellow of the 
Collegiate Church, Manchester, at a public charitable 
meeting, in February, 1839: — 

" I believe that a feeling is becoming very preva- 
lent elsewhere, that there is something in the charac- 
ter of manufactures which is unnatural, and opposed 
to the will of God. Now I maintain that that state 
to which we are tending in manufactures is as much 
the will of God as agricultural pursuits. I am aware 
that an able and well known poet has said — and the 
saying has almost passed into a proverb — 

" God made the country, but man made the town," — 

meaning, of course, that the country was the most 
proper place for man to dwell in, and that the occu- 
pations of town-life were unnatural. I think, on the 
contrary, that, instead of an agricultural population, 
the people of this country were meant to be one of 
a very different character. I have no national pre- 
dilections for my present mode of thinking. My 
birth and early education put me in a very different 
position from the one in which I now am; but being 
now an inhabitant of Manchester — having had ample 
opportunity of observing and judging — and being in 
a position where I can have no motive for a partial 
judgment, I maintain, that if we can strike an aver- 
age of all classes of our population and the popula- 
tion of other districts, we shall find that the morality 
of this district will not be below that of the most 
primitive agricultural population. I have the au- 
thority of a high military officer, and also that of 
other persons, for saying that the streets of Man- 
chester, at ten o'clock at night, are as retired as 
those of the most rural districts. When we look at 
the extent of this parish, containing at least 300.000 



28 INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. 

souls — more than the population of the half of our 
counties — can we be surprised that there is a great 
amount of immorality ? But a great proportion of 
that immorality is committed by those who have 
been already nursed in crime in districts of the 
country supposed to be more innocent than our own, 
and are, apparently, added to the number of those 
who swell our police reports, not so much because 
we hold out greater facilities in rearing them, as that 
they are apprehended through the superior vigilance 
of our police. I think it desirable that I should state 
this, as being an impartial observer, and one coming 
from a distant part of the country ; and as I see 
gentlemen of the press here, I hope that my evidence 
may be recorded." 

And a recent writer in Blackwood, although 
wrong in many of his remarks with reference to 
Manchester, comes near the truth in the following 
lines : — 

" All attempts to radicalise Manchester must fail. 
The working classes are not, on the whole, demo- 
cratic. Parson Stephens may teach radicalism and 
levelling to a few hundred vagabonds — as Henry 
Hunt once did the same thing, on the now almost 
forgotten field of Peterloo. But take the people in 
a mass in Manchester, they are essentially men of 
business. . . . This is undoubtedly the cause of 
their wealth and prosperity — and is one reason why 
they are pacific and loyal. Occasional ebullitions 
are but of little real importance. In a few weeks the 
traitor and the treason are forgotten — and the men 
return to the power-looms, or the self-acting mule." 

The following information, connected with the 
manufactures of this neighbourhood, respecting the 
operatives employed in such manufactures, it is hoped 
will be found interesting. It is collected from the 
valuable papers of the Manchester Statistical Society, 
published about four years ago, and may therefore 
be considered as authentic : — 



WORKING CLASSES. 29 

DWELLINGS OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 

The agent of the Statistical Society visited 37,724 
of the dwellings of the working classes in Manchester 
and Salford, which may be thus classified : — 

Houses 29,037 } 

Single rooms 4,270 [ 37,724 

Cellars 4,417) 

Of this number, 27,281 were found to be comfort- 
able, and 10,443 uncomfortable. The average weekly 
rent paid for these 37,724 dwellings was 2s. 1 Id. per 
week, making an annual rental of £286,073. 

The afore-mentioned dwellings are tenanted by 
169,223 individuals, 18,295 of whom occupy the 
cellars. These 169,223 individuals may be subdi- 
vided into — 

Children under 12 years of age ... 53,699 

Do. above 12 do. ... 30,691 

Grown up persons 84,883 

169,223 
There are amongst this number of children, 30,268 
who earn wages ; and there are 43,473 who attend 
either a Sunday or day school, 

occupations. 

There are employed in cotton factories in 

Manchester and Salford 18,353 

Other factories in Manchester and Salford... 1,433 

Hand-loom weavers 3, 1 92 

Persons employed in warehouses 7,007 

Do. do. manufactures 7,067 

Do. do. building trades 4,515 

Do. do. clothing trades 6,280 

Occupations not classed 23,952 



71,799* 
* From the expression contained in the report of the society 



30 FACTORY SYSTEM. 

STATE OF EDUCATION IN MANCHESTER AND SALFORD. 

Sunday School Education Statistics will be found 
under their proper head. Pupils attending Day and 
Evening Schools may be thus classified : — 

t^ o 7 7 Number of Number of 

Day Schools. Schools. Scholars. 

Dame Schools 295 6,265 

Common Boys' and Girls' Schools.... 221 8,604 

Superior Private and Boarding Schools 143 3,816 



Supported solely by the Scholars 659 18,685 

Infant Schools do 1 26 

Do. assisted by the public... 7 996 

Other Charity Schools, Schools at- 
tached to Public Institutions, &c... 34 4,969 



Total 701 24,676 

Evening Schools. 

Exclusive of those attached to Sunday 
Schools, and the Classes at the Me- 
chanics' Institution, &c, supported 
by the Scholars 109 1,723 

Free, or supported by others 5 261 

Total 114 1,984 



Total Number of Schools and Scholars, 932 56,189 



INFLUENCE OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM ON HEALTH. 

The condition of the young people employed in 
factories was, a few years ago, the subject of pathetic 
statements in the House of Commons and elsewhere, 
from which it was made to appear, that, through the 
severity of their labours, they were deprived of na- 
ture's fair proportions, and ushered into mature life 

in page 12, it appears that they have had no opportunity of 
testing the correctness of this analysis by information from 
any other source but the books of the agents employed by 
them, and that, consequently, they do not pledge themselves 
for its complete accuracy. 



FACTORY SYSTEM. 31 

(when they survived so far) a miserably stunted race 
of beings, threatening to produce a wide-spread de- 
generacy. As long as figures of speech had been 
permitted to reign, these statements would have 
passed current, and the public mind would have 
received them as truth. But what said figures of 
arithmetic ? When the royal commissioners appointed 
for the purpose began to inquire into the real state 
of the case, instead of contenting themselves with a 
mere ocular survey of the children, they resolved to 
subject them to a test which could not err. They 
resolved to weigh and measure them. They took 
factory boys and girls from various places, the former 
to the number of 410, and the latter 652, and a large 
but lesser number of children of both sexes not em- 
ployed in factories; and, on weighing and measuring 
the one against the other, they found that there was 
scarcely any difference in either respects between the 
two sets of children. We need not give the formal 
table in which the weights and sizes at different ages 
are set down, but we shall present the general result. 
The average weight of a number of boys and girls 
employed in factories between the ages of nine and 
seventeen, was for the former 75.175 pounds, for the 
latter 74.739 : the average weight of an equal num- 
ber of boys and girls of the same ages, not labouring 
in factories, was for the former 78.680, for the latter 
75.049. The average stature in inches of a number 
of factory boys and girls was, respectively, 55.282 
and 54.951, while the average stature of an equal 
number of non-factory children at the same ages, 
was, respectively, 55.563 and 54.971. The non- 
factory boys were thus the heavier by less than a 
twentieth, and taller about a hundredth ; while the 
factory and non-factory girls were almost identical 
in both size and weight. Perhaps more extensive 
inquiries are wanting to give complete satisfaction 
on this question ; but, in the mean time, enough has 



32 RELIGION. 

been done to show that the outcry as to the effects 
of factory labour in stunting the human frame in 
youth, is founded on pure surmise, and not worthy 
of being listened to for a moment.* 

RELIGION OF THE HEADS OF FAMILIES AND LODGERS 
IN THE DWELLINGS EXAMINED. 

There are 50,429 persons of an age to make a 
profession of religion among the dwellings examined; 
and their peculiar tenets may be thus classified : — 
Members of the Church of England .... 26,600 

Protestant Dissenters .. 12,061 

Roman Catholics 7,236 

Jews 51 

Making no religious profession! 4,481 



50,429 
The above number, 50,429? may be thus classified, 
as regards country : — 

English 39,439 

Irish 8,070 

Scotch 1,023 

Welch 1,762 

Foreigners 135 

TRADES' UNIONS- 

Trades' unions are common in Manchester, and 
" strikes," as they are termed, are by no means infre- 
quent. Experience does not seem to teach workmen 
the wisdom of allowing trade to be open, and "masters 
and men" to be unrestricted in their operations. One 
effect of " strikes" is the invention of machines to 
supersede the use of manual labor. For this pur- 
pose, the boiler-rivetting machine, the self-acting 
mule — with a host of minor machinery — have been 

* From Chambers' Journal, No. 379. 
t Under this head were classed all those who declined to 
give information upon this subject 



trades' unions. 33 

brought into use. The frequent and insufferable an- 
noyances which engineers have experienced from 
trades' unions — by which annoyances unionists are 
so absurd as to think, that ultimately, they can 
raise wages, — have tended to give more force to that 
course of events which is destined to carry this 
country to the highest pitch of mechanical perfection. 
The desire to free themselves from the effects of a 
dastardly system of impotent tyranny, by which every 
improvement would be nipt in the bud, added to the 
insolent and foolish conduct of some of these asso- 
ciations, have only served to stimulate the inventive 
skill of the mechanical minds of the country ; and the 
result is those admirable contrivances which are 
enabling mechanicians to perform such wonders in 
overcoming the resistance of the material world. In 
this view good has resulted from much serious evil : 
let the praise, however, be given to those whose 
unconquerable energy has risen triumphant over 
the odious spirit-breaking difficulties of unions and 
strikes. 

A few interesting particulars respecting one of 
these unions may be learned from the following ex- 
tracts from a letter which appeared in the Man- 
chester Guardian, in March, 1839. Whether from a 
master or a journeyman, we cannot learn. The letter 
begins by stating that there is now in Manchester a 
strike among a certain class of mechanics, for the 
avowed purpose of compelling their employers to 
shorten the hours of labor, which are ten hours per 
diem. It then proceeds: — 

" Probably, gentlemen, you are not generally aware 
of the extensive combination that exists amongst the 
men, to bring about a few things as objectionable in 
principle as they will be to the trade generally, if 
effected. They have rules for the regulation of their 
conduct, that, if suffered to be carried out, will be 
destructive of the men's liberty, and place the direc- 

D 



34 trades' unions. 

tion of labor of the whole trade under the guidance 
of an interested and designing few. It may not be 
generally known (while they profess to be organised 
as a club for the avowed purpose, as the preamble of 
their rules and orders state, of assisting each other 
in case of sickness, old age, or other infirmities, and 
the burial of the dead, which is a most laudable cus- 
tom — ay, and very ancient too), that a year or two 
ago, a number of delegates from different parts of 
the country assembled in Manchester, and, as their 
report of May, 1837, says, 6 completely remodelled 
these laudable rules and regulations,' and made 
their ancient sick and burial society into a trades' 
union club, and directed a part of its monies to be 
applied to promoting delegations for the purpose of 
increasing the numbers in the union, and also for 
promoting turn-outs, for shortening the hours of 
labor, &c. &c. But a few extracts from these new 
regulations will best explain their object." 

The extracts from the rules are given, then follows: 
" I think there is sufficient to be gathered from 
their rules, that, to attempt to follow out these mea- 
sures, would be next to madness; yet they are being 
acted upon at present in more instances than one ; 
and should the masters view these things with indif- 
ference much longer, the only privilege left them, as 
employers, will be that of paying their wages. As 
the journeymen's wages are so good, averaging from 
32s. to 36s. per week, and, in some individual cases, 
38s. for ten hours' labour, we should conceive that 
the moral condition of the men would improve, for 
they are proverbially low and unprincipled ; but, if 
we may judge from their late general conduct, their 
prosperity is much abused on their part. I am in- 
clined to think that the temptations held out by their 
tramp allowance, to change and rove about the coun- 
try, acts with a baneful influence upon their morals. 
It is astonishing to see the sums they raise by sub- 



trades' unions. 35 

scription, and yet how recklessly it is lavished. It 
appears from the report of 1837? that the amount of 
contribution in the whole was £5,992 2s. 8fd.; their 
expenditure amounted to £4,513 4s. 2-^d. ; out of 
this sum only £2,000 9s. 8id. was paid to sick and 
funerals, the rest to tramps, and sundry other ex- 
penses, delegates, &c. &c. ; and they levied a new 
contribution, called a contingent fund, to be appro- 
priated to the delegations, turn-outs, &c, which, from 
November to May, 1838, produced £2,231 17s.2id.; 
but tramps, allowances, delegations, and turn-out 
expenses, amounted to £4,848 12s. Id; consequently 
they were obliged to draw very freely on the other 
funds. 

" The report of 1837 states, c We have expended 
near seven hundred pounds this last year on turn- 
outs ; the expense has been great, and the good effect 
small.' In fact, every cause was lost but one. How 
these men are duped ! You shall see what account 
the report gives of the conduct and practice of the 
tramps, while taking their summer rambles, and 
spending the steady, sober workmen's earnings. The 
secretary reports, page 18, in the report of 1837> at 
the time the delegates were assembled, < I had as" 
many letters as would have taken half an hour to 
have read them, from a many of our branches, as to 
the nuisances committed by some of our tramps, 
such as doing wilful damage to the property of land- 
lords, and taking property away with them; and 
also committing nuisances * * 

* and to such an extent has it 

been practised, that he despaired of having a decent 
club-house in the kingdom. So much for tramping 
allowance. 

" While other branches of journeymen have suf- 
fered a reduction of wages, from a variety of causes, 
it is a matter upon which the masters may congratu- 
late themselves, that, through the few past years their 



36 trades' unions. 



3 give 



business has so flourished as to enable them to give 
an advance in wages unparalleled in trade. But, 
should the men persist in enforcing their oppressive 
and injurious rules, it will become the imperative 
duty of the masters to unite to act on the defensive, 
and, at all events, resist any further encroachments 
on their privileges." 

The foregoing are sensible observations, and serve 
practically to illustrate a " workman's union."* 

* The following extracts from a very scarce tract, published 
by the Rev. John Clayton, A.M., in 17oo, entitled "Friendly 
Advice to the Poor, written and published at the request of 
the late and present Officers of the Town of Manchester," 
will furnish a curious picture of the state of society in Man- 
chester, particularly of the lower classes, at that period. In 
one place the author states, with apparent surprise, that 

" The poor alone keep open a number of shops and support 
a multitude of trades, to which our wise forefathers were 
absolutely strangers. The business of retailing milk, butter, 
coals, and so forth, are new methods of getting a livelihood, 
unknown in this town till very lately. And yet it is com- 
monly reported, that many families are handsomely main- 
tained, and even some considerable fortunes raised, by each 
of these articles." The author appears to think that such 
"inconsiderable dealings" would have been impossible to have 
resulted in "considerable fortunes," but for the "mismanage- 
ment of the poor." The poor of Manchester in 1839 would 
find great inconvenience in the absence of such " retailing" 
shops as are here mentioned. 

The author alludes to the condition of the dwellings of the 
poor, thus : — " A roof beset with cobwebs, walls bespattered 
with every kind of filth, and furniture covered with dust and 
dirt, is a nauseous loathsome sight, a matter utterly inconsis- 
tent with reputation, and totally destructive of health and 
comfort ; and yet so common a case, that one needs but visit 
their poor neighbours to see what room there is for this com- 
plaint. Indeed this spirit of nastiness so generally prevails, 
that nothing less than that most exalted charity which beareth 
all things, endureth all things, can invite us to go into these 
wretched habitations, whereby the poor are often excluded 
from many assistances they might otherwise have received 
from their more wealthy neighbours. For whilst they con- 
tinue so sordid as that their cottages are noisome and infec- 



COMMERCIAL HABITS. 37 

COMMERCIAL MEN OF MANCHESTER. 

This section of our work appears the most proper 
in which to notice the peculiarities of that part of 
the Manchester community engaged in the higher 
branches of commerce. The habits of Manchester 
men of business are marked by the utmost persever- 
ance and energy. Unlike the merchants of London 
or of Scotland (as we are informed), they permit little 
relaxation to be associated with the stern demands 
of business. With the exception of a week's or a 
fortnight's holiday at Southport or a trip to Wales, 
during the year, nothing but sickness is allowed to 
interfere with a daily attendance to the business of 
commerce or manufactures. And this attention is 

tious, they prevent the visits of those who would relieve 
them ; and they will hardly be esteemed proper objects of 
compassion, because they do nothing to help themselves. So 
little pains are requisite to keep a small house clean, that 
nothing can be said in excuse for this distress. Half an hour's 
washing, sweeping, and brushing every morning, would main- 
tain the face of decency for the day ; and therefore the neglect- 
ing it bespeaks a love of filth, a beastly delight in wallowing 
in the mire, an abject mind, that is altogether unworthy of 
encouragement." — These remarks would apply with equal 
force to many of the poor of Manchester in 1839, just eighty- 
four years after they were written. 

The following remarks are so pertinent to some of the poor 
of the present day, that we will make no apology for present- 
ing them, in order to show that the social condition of the 
class who are addressed bear a great similitude to some of the 
same class of the present day : — " Could we be happy enough 
to see a general spirit of industry diffused among the poor, 
their gains would be greatly augmented ; and were those used 
with frugality and good economy, they could not fail of afford- 
ing a sufficient supply of all necessaries, and might in time 
improve a slender pittance into a decent competence. Our 
streets would then no longer swarm with idle vagrants, sturdy 
beggars, and such wretched objects as provoke resentment 
rather than kindle compassion. A starving family would no 
longer reproach its idle extravagant master, nor the persons, 
habits, and lodgings of the poor be too nauseous to be visited 
and relieved by their wealthy neighbours." 

d2 y 



38 COMMERCIAL HABITS. 



ences 



not for a few hours only in the day : it commences 
early in the morning, and is protracted to a late 
hour in the evening. It is a common thing to see 
the leading merchants of the town — some of them 
possessed of wealth to the amount of a quarter of a 
million sterling — posting from their country villas to 
their counting-houses between eight and nine o'clock 
in the morning ; and many of them do not return 
home (except to a hasty dinner) till nine or ten 
o'clock in the evening. Business becomes a habit; 
and this habit becomes a pleasure ; and on this ac- 
count — more than from mere love of gain — they are 
impelled to proceed onwards in a vocation which, 
on account of its enterprise and excitement, presents 
to them the greatest of earthly charms. 

That this attention to business is consistent with 
— what is by some persons considered incompati- 
ble — the utmost liberality, the many noble charitable 
institutions the town can boast of, is sufficient evi- 
dence. Indeed, it may be affirmed, that no town pos- 
sesses a greater number of charitable and benevolent 
commercial men ; and the charity and benevolence 
of Manchester tradesmen are commensurate with the 
scale of their commercial transactions. Commerce, 
instead of contracting, appears to expand their cha- 
rity, and the princely contributions which they pour 
forth when occasions demand them, are indications 
of the liberal and benevolent spirit for which the 
town is distinguished. We need only to refer to the 
names which appear on the lists of subscribers to the 
Infirmary and Dispensaries, to the School for the 
Deaf and Dumb, to the Blind Asylum, to the Church 
Building Society, to the Wesleyan Centenary Fund> 
to the fund for erecting a College for the Indepen- 
dents in Manchester, and many others, in order that 
our assertions may be verified. 

A custom which exists in Manchester frequently 
creates surprise in the minds of strangers — namely 3 



COMMERCIAL HABITS. 39 

the early hour which is devoted to the dinner-meal. 
Between one and two o'clock is the usual Man- 
chester dinner hour. The following lively sketch, 
with reference to this subject, taken from a recent 
article in Blackwood's Magazine, is tolerably accu- 
rate. The writer affects severity in the tone of his 
remarks ; but the early dinner hour is, we venture 
to predict, unalterable. The writer says — 

u The rush of the clans from the mountains — of 
the cataracts from the Alps into the valleys beneath 
— of three thousand pent-up school-boys, all detained 
for bad conduct, and then let out at once, only just 
in time to reach home before dark — of soldiers in a 
revolt — of Irish peasants in a row — or of the Paris 
students at an emeute — might be compared to the 
scenes which may be daily witnessed in the ' city' 
portion of Manchester when the clock strikes one. 
No other comparison could be instituted which could 
express this mighty movement as the moment of 
DINNER draws near! Now I am willing to confess 
that I was ignorant, wholly ignorant, till I beheld 
the scene, that Manchester dines at ONE!!! Rich, 
poor, ignorant, learned, Destructive, Conservative, 
Dissenter, Churchman — the mass — yes, the mass, all 
dine at One ! ! This would be a deplorable state of 
things for any people; but, for Manchester ware- 
housemen, with their clerks, porters, servants, friends, 
visitors, all to rush at one o'clock to dinner, leaving 
the bank, the manufactory, the office — all — all — to 
take care of themselves — is that which no man in his 
senses would be justified in believing, unless ocular 
demonstration prevented him from doubting the ac- 
curacy of the fact. In a vast many houses of busi- 
ness, not even one solitary clerk is to be found at 
the counting-office from one to two — and, not in 
one out of fifty is the principal to be seen from one 
to three ! Thus, the very heart of the day — the very 
best portion for mercantile operations — -when the light 



40 MANCHESTER DINNER HOUR. 



most 



is best, when the head is clearest, and when, in almost 
all countries professing to be civilized, men devote 
their time to their most important avocations, is con 
sumed at Manchester by the DINNER !" 




' lyler T 



! 



CHAPTER II. 



PLACES OF WORSHIP. 
THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH, 

Situate on the banks of the river Irwell, on the road 
leading to Strangeways, being the parish church, 
claims precedence. Its noble appearance is pre- 
possessing, and its antiquity makes it an object of 
interesting enquiry. It was built in the year 1422. 
The style of architecture is gothic, highly orna- 
mented. The reputed founder was Thomas, Lord 
De la Warre, but Holling worth says that " several 
other persons were concerned in it besides De la 
Warre. Who did most in the building of it is not 
certainly known, but the names and armes* of the 
Stanleys, Wests, RadclifFes of Radcliffe, Byrons, 
Radcliffes of Oardsall, and others, now or lately in 
the windows, doe witness their assistance," The 
building, which was originally constructed of a soft 
stone, has undergone considerable repairs ; indeed 
many parts of it may be considered rebuilt. The 
external as well as the internal walls of the church 
are adorned, after the fashion of the dark ages, by 
the suspension of grotesque figures, some of which 
most significantly appear to return the observer's 
gaze. 

The interior of the church is comfortable and 
capacious. Like our cathedrals, only a portion of 
the building is devoted to public worship. There 
are many objects in this church worthy the visitor's 
notice. The beautiful stained glass windows, with 
their inscriptions and paintings ; the monumental 
effigies, interesting at least to the antiquary ; the 
distinctive divisions of the chapels which belong to 



42 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 

families of consequence in the neighbourhood ; the 
carved work ; the records of good men's deeds,* 
which are blazoned forth " deathless to fame ;" and 
the ornamental roof, will each afford matter to in- 
terest the curious or observant. The stalls in the 
choir are decorated with devices, which, considering 
the sanctity of the place, are more ingenious than 
appropriate. Carved representations of swine ; of 
men playing at back-gammon ; an ape with a bottle ; 
a fighting cock ; a hare superintending culinary ap- 
paratus, among which is a spit, with an empaled 
human being, are in odious taste; and being the 
production of an age in which superstitious reverence 
was paid to the sanctity of " the temple," are calcu- 
lated, by their appearance in such a position, to 
excite no ordinary degree of astonishment in the 
mind of a beholder. Notwithstanding such a criti- 
cism, the choir is one of the finest in the kingdom, 
and the tabernacle work, which has wonderfully with- 
stood the ravages of accident and time, is unrivalled. 
The altar-piece is a fine tapestried representation of 
the death of Ananias and Sapphira. It was fixed in 
its present place in the early part of the last century, 
and was, as an inscription informs us, the gift of Mr. 
Brooke. Standing on the steps leading to the com- 
munion table, the view looking west is very grand 
and cathedral-like, and from this position the beauties 
of the venerable interior are most striking. 

Many deeds and other documents connected with 



* One in particular deserves especial notice, namely, that 
which displays the character of Dauntesey Hulme, Esq., 
whose public and private charities have for ever associated 
his memory with the attribute of benevolence. The Man- 
chester Royal Infirmary received from him at various times 
not less than £20,000; and the House of Recovery is indebted 
to his munificence for at least £4,000. Such philanthropists 
deserve to be had in remembrance longer than mural tablets 
can perform their office. 



COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 43 

the foundation of the Collegiate Church were sent to 
London by a parliamentary officer, during the civil 
wars, in the time of Cromwell ; and it is supposed 
they were destroyed in the great fire there in 1666. 
Much valuable and interesting information respecting 
the church is thus for ever lost. 

In the tower there is a fine peal of bells, which are 
nearly as ancient as the church itself; and on holi- 
days, or days of public rejoicing, they are frequently 
put in requisition. 

" Th' Owd Church," as it is provincially desig- 
nated, is known and celebrated far and wide. Its 
altar has witnessed the joining together of thousands 
of happy, and perhaps some unhappy, couples. This 
church is the most popular sanctuary in the whole 
parish for the solemnization of matrimony. The 
fees are less than those demanded at other churches, 
all of which have to pay tribute to it. It is amusing 
to witness the crowds of candidates for nuptial ho- 
nours which present themselves at the expiration of 
Lent, during which season the fees are doubled. 
Indeed, so numerous are they, that wedding is cele- 
brated by wholesale. A chaplain, of facetious memory, 
is said accidentally to have united, at this season, the 
wrong parties; and, when the circumstance has been 
represented to him, has replied — " Pair as you go 
out ; you're all married ; pair as you go out !" and 
this verbal certificate appeared, among the happy 
throng, to be quite satisfactory, and each man failed 
not to find his mate. 

The following animated sketch of the marriages 
at this church, is extracted from " A Home Tour 
through the Manufacturing Districts in the Summer 
of 1835," by Sir George Head:— 

" I attended the Old Church at Manchester one 
Monday morning, in order to witness the solemniza- 
tion of several marriages I had reason to suppose 
were then and there to take place. I had heard on 



44 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 

the preceding Sunday the banns proclaimed as fol- 
lows: * For the first time of asking, sixty-five ; for 
the second time, seventy-two ; for the third time, 
sixty. Total, one hundred and ninety-seven.' 

" Having been informed that it would be expe- 
dient to be on the spot at eight in the morning, I 
repaired thither at that hour. Operations, however, 
did not commence before ten. The latter is the 
usual time of proceeding to business, although, in 
cases of persons married by license, eight o'clock is 
the hour. 

"When all was ready and the church-doors opened, 
the clergyman and clerk betook themselves to the 
vestry ; and the people who were about to be married, 
and their friends, seated themselves in the body of 
the church, opposite the communion table, on benches 
which were placed there for the purpose. Not less 
than fifty people were assembled, among whom I took 
my seat quietly, without being noticed. A party 
who had arrived in a narrow vis-a-vis fly, most ex- 
clusively paraded in the mean time up and down (as 
if unwilling to identify themselves with the humbler 
candidates of matrimony) in another part of the 
church. The people at first took their seats in solemn 
silence, each one inquisitively surveying his neigh- 
bour; but as the clergyman and clerk were some time 
in preparation, the men first began to whisper one 
to another, and the women to titter, till by degrees 
they all threw off their reserve, and made audible 
remarks on the new comers. There was little mau- 
vaise honte among the women, but of the men, poor 
fellows! some were seriously abashed; while among 
the hymeneal throng there seemed to prevail a sen- 
timent that obtains pretty generally among their 
betters, namely, the inclination to put shy people 
out of conceit with themselves. Thus, at the advance 
of a sheepish-looking bridegroom, he was immediately 
assailed on all sides with, i Come in, man ; what art 



COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 45 

afraid of ? Nobody'l hurt thee/ And then a general 
laugh went round in a repressed tone, but quite suf- 
ficient to confound and subdue the new comer. 

" Presently a sudden buzz broke out — ' The clergy- 
man's coming,' and all was perfectly silent. About 
twelve couples were to be married, — the rest were 
friends and attendants. The former were called 
upon to arrange themselves altogether round the 
altar. The clerk was an adept in his business, and 
performed the duties of his office in a mode admira- 
bly calculated to set the people at their ease and 
direct the proceedings. In appointing them to their 
proper places, he addressed each in an intonation of 
voice particularly soft and soothing, and which car- 
ried with it more of encouragement, as he made use 
of no appellative but the Christian name of the per- 
son spoken to. Thus he proceeded : < Daniel and 
Phoebe; this ivay, Daniel; take off your gloves, 
Daniel. William and Anne ; no, Anne ; here, 
Anne ; f other side, William. John and Mary ; 
here, John; oh! John.' And then addressing them 
all together — < Noiv, all of you, give your hats to 
some person to hold.' Although the marriage ser- 
vice appeared to me to be generally addressed to the 
whole party, the clergyman was scrupulously exact 
in obtaining the accurate responses from each indi- 
dual." 

The neighbourhood of the church has lately under- 
gone considerable improvements. The noble artifi- 
cial road, constructed on the margin of the river, is 
only of very modern date. Formerly there was no 
carriage road round the church, and the site of 
Victoria-terrace was occupied by a narrow foot-path, 
and a range of old buildings. The newly constructed 
thoroughfare was thrown open to the public in the 
spring of 1838, and certainly no alteration in the 
town is more creditable to the judgment of the 
" Improvement Committee of Manchester" than this. 



46 TRINITY CHAPEL, SALFORD. 

The Collegiate Church now stands forth with excel- 
lent effect : beforetime it was disfigured, obscured., 
and almost disguised. 

The times of divine service, and the officiating 
ministers, are enumerated in another page. In the 
sabbath service there is a variety of sacred music 
introduced ; and, after the plan of many of our cathe- 
drals, there are several choristers who chaunt the 
responses. A very striking effect is produced in the 
gallery of the church by the appearance of the boys 
from the Blue Coat School. 

The chapter-house, wherein the warden and fel- 
lows transact the business of their office, is a fine 
old apartment. Near it, entering the church for the 
registry, there is a fine mural tablet of Chantrey's, 
to the memory of Mrs. Frances Hall, a benefactress 
of the poor, and a liberal contributor to many local 
charities. 

During the year 1838, there were solemnized at 
this church — 

Baptisms 5, 1 63 

Burials 1,457 

Marriages 2,615 

The church built next in the order of time is 

TRINITY CHAPEL, SALFORD, 

which was erected in the year 1634, by Humfrey 
Booth, of Salford. There is nothing in this church 
which makes a detailed description necessary. The 
same remark applies to nearly all the churches in 
Manchester and Salford. Most of them are of com- 
paratively modern date, and several have been erected 
within the last few years by the commissioners for 
building churches. Of the latter class are the 
following : — St. Matthews', Camp-field (which cer- 
tainly has some architectural elegance), St. Philip's, 
Salford, St. George's, Hulme, and St. Andrew's, 
Ancoats. 



OLD CHAPELS. 47 

THE OLDEST CHAPEL 

now existing, belonging to the Wesleyan Methodist 
body,* is in Oldham-street, the corner of Dale-street ; 
it was built in the year 1780. The oldest chapel 
belonging to the Independent body is in Cannon- 
street ; it was built in the year 1762. The .Roman 
Catholics have a chapel in Rook-street, as ancient as 
1746. The Unitarians possess a chapel in Cross- 
street, originally the first dissenting chapel in the 
town. It was destroyed by a mob in 1714, and re- 
built ; enlarged in 1737? and again in 1788. 

On the following pages we insert lists of the places 
of worship, with the times of divine service. 

* The following account of the first preaching-house, or 
room, used by the followers of the Rev. John Wesley, may 
afford interest to some of our readers. The narrator says : — 

" The site of the house was a rock on the bank of 
the Irwell, exactly over the main sewer, excavated out 
of the solid stone, through which the water pours itself 
into the river. It is north side of Blackfriars'-bridge, imme- 
diately adjoining it. This is a remarkable circumstance, by 
which its precise situation may ever be known. The house 
itself stood at the bottom of a large yard, known at that time 
by the name of the ' Rose and Crown-yard,' which name was 
derived from a public-house at the top of it, whose sign -board 
had those representations, and whose front looked into Deans- 
gate. The entrances to it were two, — the one of which was 
the * Rose and Crown-entry,' leading out of Deansgate, the 
door of the public-house being on the right hand, — and the 
other at the bottom of the yard, on the left hand, which came 

out beside the ' Ring of Bells ' public-house. 
****** * * * 

" The garret was generally well filled when there was 
preaching ; and I have heard my mother say that she was 
often afraid of the roof falling through, for one of the main 
beams was very much cracked. Mr. Hopper, and others, 
used to preach in it. My father left the house in 1760, the 
interior of which was afterwards burnt, but again repaired and 
occupied as a dwelling-house. Sometime about 1805, it was 
taken down, together with the other houses, and a number 
of warehouses, which go by the name of ' Bateman's -build- 
ings,' were erected in their stead. " — Methodism in Manchester, 



48 



CHURCHES. 



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50 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 

ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 

The churches in Manchester and its vicinity 
have recently had districts (which, practically, 
correspond with parishes) assigned to them, and 
marriages may now be solemnized in them all. It 
may be observed that the Parish Church retains it& 
immunities. The descriptions of most of these dis- 
tricts are extracted from the Gazette of March 29, 
1839. — Only one side of any street forming the 
boundary of a district is to be included in such 
district : — 

All-Saints' District, 

in Chorlton-on-Medlock, comprises Downing-street 
to the river Medlock, river Medlock up to the bound- 
ary between Hulme and Chorlton-on-Medlock, such 
boundary up to the boundary between Moss-side 
and Chorlton-on-Medlock, such boundary up to the 
boundary between Rusholme and Chorlton-on-Med- 
lock, such boundary to Oxford-road, Oxford-road to 
Booth-street, Booth-street to Upper Brook-street, 
Upper Brook-street to Rusholme-road, Rusholme- 
road to Downing-street. The church will accom- 
modate fifteen hundred persons. There are four 
hundred free seats. 

Saint Andrew's District 

is comprised within the boundary between Manches- 
ter and Newton, commencing at the point where the 
Rochdale canal enters Newton, up to the river Med- 
lock; the river Medlock to the London-road, the 
London-road to Store-street, Store-street to Great 
Ancoats-street, Great Ancoats-street to the Rochdale 
canal, and the Rochdale canal to the point where it 
enters the township of Newton. The church will 
accommodate two thousand persons. There are 
seven hundred free seats. 



ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 51 

Saint Ann's District 

is comprised within St. Mary's -gate, Market-street, 
Mosley -street, Bond-street, Princess-street, Poole- 
street, Brazennose-street and Deansgate, to St.Mary's- 
gate. The church will accommodate eleven hundred 
and seventy -five persons. There are one hundred 
and forty-four free seats. 

Saint George's District 

is comprised within Swan-street, St. George's-road, 
up to the township of Harpurhey, the boundary 
between that township and Manchester up to the 
boundary of Newton, the boundary between that 
township and Manchester up to the Rochdale canal, 
the Rochdale canal to Great Ancoats-street, Great 
Ancoats-street to Swan-street. The church will ac- 
commodate twelve hundred and ninety-three persons. 
There are five hundred and forty free seats. 

Saint George's Chapelry District, 

Hulme, consists of and comprises the township of 
Hulme. There are sittings in the church for two 
thousand and two persons, of which twelve hundred 
and fifty-five are free- 
Saint James's District 

is comprised within Mosley -street, Bond-street, 
David-street, Brook-street to the river Medlock, the 
river Medlock to Ardwick-bridge, the London-road 
and Piccadilly to Mosley-street. The Church will 
accommodate fifteen hundred persons. There are 
seventy-two free seats. 

Saint John's District 

is comprised within Camp-street, Charles-street, Wa- 
ter-street, Lower Ir well-street to the river Irwell, 
river Irwell to the New Bailey-bridge, Bridge-street, 



52 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 

Water-street, Irwell-street, Cumberland-street ; and 
a direct line from thence across Deansgate to Brazen- 
nose-street, Brazennose-street, Poole-street, Princess- 
street, Cooper-street, Peter-street, Lower Mosley- 
street, Great Mount-street, Watson-street, Alport- 
town : and a direct line from thence across Deans- 
gate to Camp-street. The church will accommodate 
twelve hundred persons. There are two hundred 
and fifty free seats. 

Saint Mark's District, 
in Cheetham, consists of and comprises the township 
of Crumpsall, and that part of the township of Cheet- 
ham which is next adjacent to the township of Crump- 
sail, and is separated from the remainder of the 
township of Cheetham by Smedley-road, Smedley- 
lane, the Old Bury-road, and Halliwell-lane, The 
church will accommodate eight hundred persons. 
There are sixty-four free seats. 

Saint Mary's District 
is comprised within Cumberland-street, Irwell-street, 
Water-street, Bridge-street to the river Irwell, river 
Irwell to Blackfriars'-bridge, Blackfriars'-street and 
Deansgate to Cumberland-street. The church will 
accommodate nine hundred and ninety-seven per- 
ons. One hundred and fifty free seats. 

Saint Matthew's District 
is separated from Salford and Hulme by the rivers 
Irwell and Medlock. Its northern boundary is 
Charles-street, Camp-street, and Alport-town to 
Lower Mosley-street. Its eastern boundary is the 
Rochdale canal branch, skirting round from Lower 
Mosley-street to Cambridge-street, as far as the 
point where the latter crosses the Medlock. The 
church will accommodate two thousand persons. 
There are one thousand free seats. 



ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 53 

Saint Michael's District 

is comprised within Miller-street, St. George's-road, 
up to the road which bounds the Endham-hall estate 
to the south, such road up to the wood bridge over 
the Irk, near Smedley Hall, and the boundary be- 
tween the townships of Manchester and Cheetham, 
from that point to Miller-street. The church will 
accommodate one thousand persons. There are one 
hundred free seats. 

Saint Paul's District 

is comprised within High-street, Thomas's-street, 
Hilton- street, Lever-street, Great Ancoats-street to 
Store-street, Store-street to the London-road, Lon- 
don-road, Piccadilly, and Market-street to High- 
street. The church will accommodate eleven hun- 
dred and forty-seven persons : no free seats. 

Saint Peter's District 

is comprised within Cooper-street, Peter-street, Ox- 
ford-street to the River Medlock, the River Medlock 
to Brook-street, Brook-street, David-street, Bond- 
street to Cooper-street. The church will accommo- 
date eight hundred persons. There are twenty free 
seats. 

* Saint Philip's District 
is bounded on the south by Regent-road, on the west 
by Cross-lane, on the north by a portion of the parish 
of Eccles, river Irwell, and Peru-street, and on the 
east by Ford-street, Irwell-street, Stanley-street, and 
the river Irwell. There are two thousand four hun- 
dred sittings in the church, fifteen hundred of which 
are free. 
i 

* This, as well as the districts belonging to St. Matthew's, 
St. George's (Hulme;, and St. Saviour's, were assigned, prior 
to the date of the Gazette from which descriptions of all the 
rest have been copied. 



54 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 

Saint Saviour's District, 

Chorlton-on-Medlock, is bounded on the east by the 
township of Ardwick, on the south by the townships 
of Moss-side and Rusholme, on the west by Oxford- 
street, and on the north by Booth-street, part of 
Upper Brook-street, and Rusholme-road. There is ac- 
commodation in the church for seventeen hundred and 
ninety-seven persons, including six hundred free seats. 

Saint Stephen's District, 

in Salford, is comprised within the street leading 
from Chapel-street to the New Market, East Mar- 
ket-street, and .Rosamond-street to Peru-street, 
Peru-street in a direct line to the river Irwell, the 
river. Irwell to Broughton-bridge, Broughton-road, 
Paradise-street, Garden-lane, Foundry-street, and 
Chapel-street to the street wherein the boundary 
commenced. The church will accommodate four- 
teen hundred persons. There are six hundred and 
eighty free seats. 

Saint Thomas's District, 

in Ardwick, consists of and comprises the township 
of Ardwick. The church will accommodate thirteen 
hundred persons. There are three hundred and eighty 
free seats. 

Trinity District, 

in Salford, is comprised within Foundry-street, 
Garden-lane, Paradise-street, Broughton-road, the 
river Irwell, the north-west side of Stanley-street, 
Irwell-street, and Chapel-street, to Foundry-street. 
The church will accommodate eight hundred per- 
sons : no free seats. 



WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. 



55 



WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. 

The Methodist body divide the town and neigh- 
bourhood into what are termed circuits. Of these 
there are four in Manchester. The following is a list 
of them, and of the times and places in each in 
which divine service is performed : — 

Wesleyan Methodist Places of Worship in the 
Manchester First Circuit. 



Places of Worship. 



I Hours of Di- 
: vine Service 
| on Sabbath. 



There is also preach- 
ing on the evenings 
of 



M...A...E 

Oldham-street, Manchester • • • V i nl r 2 i 6 

Wesley Chapel, Manchester 104 — 6 

Cheetham Hill 104 3 6 

Blackley ! 10* — 6 



Newton Heath, 

Stocks 

Harpurhey 

Prestwich , 

Waterloo Place 

Rooden Lane , 

Cheetwood , 

Moston 

Kersall Moor , 

Half Acre 

Colly hurst, Burton's Buildings 



10i — 

- 2! 
10* — 

— 3 
10J — 

m — 



Monday and 

Saturday at 

Tuesday, 

Wednesday, 

Monday, 

Wednesday, 

Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Tuesday, 

Thursday, 

Tuesday, 

Tuesday, 



— — 6 
10* — - 



7 
7 
7 
7 

n 

?* 

7 



Salford, or Second Manchester Circuit. 



Irwell-street 

Gravel-lane 

Brunswick 

Worsley .. 

Walkden Moor 

Swinton 

Irlams-o'th'-Height 

Booth Town 

Regent Road 

Woodlands 

Parsonage 

Salford Workhouse 

Broughton Road School 

New Manchester 

Monton Green 

Irlam, Leigh Circuit...... 



104 


3 


m 


— 


10* 


3 


104 


01 


104 


»J1 


J0* 




10* 




10* 


2 



3 6 

3 6 

3 _ 

— 6 



21 

— — 6 



10* 



2 — 



Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Wednesday, 

Monday, 

Monday, 

Thursday, 

Tuesday, 

Friday, 



7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

n 



56 



WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. 



Third, or South Manchester Circuit. 



Grosvenor-streetChorlton-on-M 

Oxford-road 

Ancoats 

George-street, Hulme 

Wesley-street, New Islington.. 

Chancery-lane 

Crescent, L ongsight 

Longsight 

Chorlton 

Withington 

Openshaw 

Northen 

Droylsden 

Beswick 

Rusholme 

OrmoDd-street 

Greenheys 



M. A. E. 



10* 
10* 
10* 
I0h 
10} 
10i 



2^ 6 

-2 u 

— 6 

— 6 

— 6 



— 3 — 



10* 
10* 
10* 
10* 
10* 



2* 
3 



— 3 



Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Monday, 

Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Tuesday, 

Tuesday, 

Tuesday, 

Tuesday, 

Tuesday, 

Monday, 

Wednesday, 

Thursday, 

Wednesday, 

Monday, 

Thursday, 



Fourth Manchester Circuit. 



Bridgewater-street 

Hulme 

Davyhulme 

Barton 

Eccles 

Urmston 

Throstle Nest 

Gorton's Buildings 

Green-lane 

Cadishead, Leigh Circuit . 

Queen-street 

Quay-street 



10 



9 1 

^2 

2 



6 I Monday, 
6 J Tuesday, 
5* (Wednesday, 
6 Wednesday, 
Monday, 

Thursday, 
Thursday, 



Tuesday, 
Wednesday, 



7 J 

n 

8 

n 
n 

7 
7 
7* 

n 
n 



As the list of Wesleyan Ministers is annually un- 
dergoing some changes, it is thought better not to 
insert any names. Every information of the ap- 
pointments of the various preachers, their residences, 
and of the several Sunday and week-day services, 
may be obtained, on application to the Printers of 
this volume. 



PLACES OF WORSHIP OF OTHER DENOMINATIONS. 57 



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PLACES OF WORSHIP OF OTHER DENOMINATIONS. 59 



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U U O oT 



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^2 







CHAPTER III. 



CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

The foremost of these — indeed, one of the noblest 
institutions in England, deserving attention, not 
only as regards external beauty, but equally so 
on account of its admirable internal management, — 
is 

THE ROYAL INFIRMARY AND DISPENSARY. 

This institution is situated in Piccadilly, covering 
an extensive plot of ground in the heart of the town. 
Before the front of the edifice is a fine sheet of water, 
which is kept pure by the daily admission of a fresh 
supply. The building had a brick exterior until 
within the last four years ; about which time it was 
faced with stone, in the present elegant style, under 
the direction of Mr. Lane, architect, whose judicious 
taste is displayed in many of the public buildings of 
Manchester. 

The institution originated in the year 1752 ; and 
in three years afterwards a building for it was erected, 
at an expense of four thousand pounds. 

Attached to the institution are six physicians and 
six surgeons, who, being chosen by ballot from 
among several candidates, by the whole of the trus- 
tees, may fairly be supposed to be of the highest 
medical talent and respectability ; and thus, by 
means of this excellent institution, the poor have 
secured to them the first scientific skill. Besides the 
above-mentioned medical officers, there are visiting 
apothecaries, and a resident surgeon and apothecary. 

The amount of income to the Infirmary, arising 
from subscriptions, dividends on funded property, 
f2 



62 



ROYAL LUNATIC ASYLUM. 



&c, for the year ending Jane, 1838, was nearly 
£9,000. The expenditure for that year was £8,125. 
The number of patients admitted for the same 
period was 19? 342, of which number 3,584 were 
for accidents. The total number, from the opening 
of the Infirmary, in 1752, to the same date, was 
629,348. The following table exhibits the increased 
usefulness of this institution ; — 







Out 


Home 




Year. 


In-Patients. 


Patients. 


Patients. 


Total. 


1752 


75 


249 




324 


1780 


466 


1196 




1662 


1800 


748 


3962 


4812 


9522 


1820 


1161 


8846 


3226 


13233 


1838 


1926 


12542 


4874 


19342 



THE ROYAL LUNATIC HOSPITAL 

Adjoins the Infirmary, so as to form, in appearance, 
a part of the same building. Since the opening of 
the establishment, in 1766, up to June, 1838, there 
were 2866 unfortunate individuals admitted, of which 
number 1101 were discharged cured. During the 
year preceding that date there were sixty admissions. 
The expenditure for the same period was £2228. 



THE SALFORD AND PENDLETON ROYAL DISPENSARY, 

In Chapel-street, near the Crescent, Salford, is a 
neat brick building, with a handsome stone portico. 
It was opened, for the purposes of the institution, on 
the 10th of September, 1827- From that period to 
July, 1838, 42,873 patients were admitted; and 
during the year ending at the same date, there were 
4,290 admissions, of which number 897 were cases 
of accident. The amount of subscriptions and other 
monies received the same year was £847, and the ex- 
penditure was £743. 



CHORLTON DISPENSARY. 63 

THE CHORLTON-UPON-MEDLOCK DISPENSARY 

Occupies a wing of the Town-hall of the township 
which gives the name to the institution. This Dis- 
pensary is on a smaller scale than the two previously 
noticed. According to the Report for the year end- 
ing December, 1838, there had been 25,590 patients 
admitted since the foundation of the institution in 
1825, and during the year ending at that date, the 
number admitted was 2,446. The income for the 
same year amounted to £512: the expenditure 
reached £565. The institution possesses a small 
reserve fund, to meet contingencies. 

It will be seen by these statements, that the 
benevolent institutions, for the relief of the poor 
afflicted with disease or accident, are supported in a 
manner in accordance with, and creditable to, the 
wealth and importance of these towns. There are 
also several minor Dispensaries in the adjacent 
townships, which it is not necessary particularly 
to describe. 

THE HOUSE OF RECOVERY, 

A charitable institution, established in 1796, is situate 
in Aytoun-street, Portland-street. It is'a commo- 
dious brick building, presenting nothing remarkable 
in its external appearance, but extremely spacious 
and lofty in its internal arrangement. It was insti- 
tuted for the reception of patients suffering under 
fever ; and the admission of such persons, taken fre- 
quently from crowded and confined neighbourhoods, 
has, no doubt, been attended with most important 
beneficial consequences to a town so densely popu- 
lated as Manchester. 

THE LYING-IN HOSPITAL, 

In Stanley-street, Salford, was established in 1790. 
Through the aid of this excellent institution, accord- 



64 LYING-IN HOSPITAL. 

ing to the Report issued in May, 1838, " during 
the past year 3,320 poor married women were 
attended to in their hour of need, and 3,383 chil- 
dren born." The receipts for the same period were 
£1,444, and the expenditure £1,471. This institu- 
tion does not appear to receive the support its claims 
demand ; and it is to be hoped that a more active 
interest will be taken in its welfare, seeing the im- 
mense amount of good it is capable of effecting to 
those whose necessities prevent them from obtaining 
help when most in need of it. The building is a 
plain brick edifice, on the bank of the Irwell, near 
to the New Bailey prison. 



On the event of a professional vacancy occurring 
in any of the Manchester institutions, where medi- 
cine is practised, there is great competition among 
medical men to fill it. For some days previous to an 
election of a medical officer, the towns are in great 
commotion with canvassers, who are quite as active 
as on many occasions of electing members of parlia- 
ment. The expenses to which the candidates are 
subjected, are extremely heavy, as they usually 
pay for the conveyance of their friends to the pol- 
ling places ; and many living in out-districts, this 
becomes a serious item. Vastly different was 
the state of things in the- early history of the 
Manchester Infirmary, when the Board politely 
invited or solicited the services of the surgeons 
of the day, who, in accepting the invitation, con- 
ceived, no doubt, that they were making a sa- 
crifice of time in no way compensated by the mere 
honour, or the additional practice they should derive 
from the appointment. 

The increase of patients in the medical charities 
of Manchester may be inferred from the fact, that 
' i in 1 82 1 , the number of charity patients was about 
12,000 for a population of about 158,000— nearly 



LOCK HOSPITAL. 65 

one- thirteenth. In 1831, there were 41,000 charity 
patients in a population of about 230,000, or more 
than one-sixth — the proportionate number being 
doubled in ten years."* 

THE LOCK HOSPITAL : 

So named from the founder of such institutions, is 
situate in Lloyd-street. The object of this hos- 
pital is to afford relief and shelter to a class of per- 
sons, whose character and condition will be at once 
recognized by a perusal of the following extract 
from the last Report printed : — 

"Our Magistrates can bear testimony to the mi- 
serable condition of many females, who have been 
induced to quit their homes and near connexions, by 
the seductive wiles of men as destitute of feeling and 
principle, as they were devoid of that thought and 
discretion which might have preserved them from 
contamination and final loss of character. Women, 
without shelter, diseased, and in a state of entire 
destitution, against whom every door was closed, 
have presented themselves at the New Bailey, and 
implored to be received as prisoners, knowing that 
shelter, and the means of subsistence, would be given 
them if this were granted. Can a picture much more 
deplorable be conceived ?" 

In some years, as many as from six to seven hun- 
dred miserable outcasts have found relief. This in- 
stitution is by no means well supported : indeed, its 
abandonment was lately contemplated, owing to want 
of funds. The expenditure for the year 1 837 was 
£500. The debts owing by the institution, at that 
time, were nearly £170. 

THE EYE INSTITUTION 

Is in Princess-street. This excellent charity affords 
relief to the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye. 

* Dr. Kaye. 



66 HUMANE SOCIETY. 

The amount of good done by it may be conceived, 
when it is stated that, during the year 1837, 
1,290 patients were discharged cured and relieved. 
During that period there were 1,486 admissions, of 
which number 212 were for accidents. Total number 
of patients admitted since the foundation of the 
institution, in 1815, 28,644. The income of the 
charity, for the same year, was £400. 

THE HUMANE SOCIETY 

For the Hundred of Salford, has been instrumental 
in restoring the functions of life to many persons ap- 
parently dead. The principal receiving house is in 
Stanley-strret, Salford ; and the committee meets at 
the Town-hall, Manchester. 



THE NIGHT ASYLUM FOR THE DESTITUTE POOR, 

This institution is situate in Smithfield. It was 
opened on the 5th of February, 1838. Its object is 
to "provide an asylum, during the rain and the 
chilling blasts of a winter's night, to the aged, the 
destitute, and the stranger in distress." During the 
first twelve months of the existence of this institu- 
tion, there were sheltered and relieved — 

Male inmates 11,006 

Females 3,877 

Children 2,523 

Making a total of 17,406 cases of relief. The ex- 
penditure for the same period, was — 

Fitting up and furnishing the institution... £152 9 9 

Rations for 17,406 individuals 165 17 7 

General expenses 152 14 9 

The income of the institution, during the past year, 
amounted to £562 2s. 6d. Mr. George Wilson is 
the honorary secretary. 



NIGHT ASYLUM OF THE POOR. 67 

At the last annual meeting of the friends of the 
Night Asylum, the Rev. Richard Parkinson, M.A., 
Fellow of the Collegiate Church, after making several 
enquiries as to the system pursued at the Asylum, 
remarked: — "I approve of this charity on many 
grounds: one of those reasons is, that it does not 
bear the impress of party feeling, but is founded on 
the broad basis of our common humanity. My 
reason for putting the questions which have been so 
satisfactorily answered, with reference to the propor- 
tion of applications from residents of this town, and 
those from casual visitants, was, that unless the state- 
ment were to go forth with some explanation, a han- 
dle would be made of it at a distance, and we should 
have persons exclaiming — ' Look, what a miserable 
population they have in Manchester; no less than 
seventeen thousand of its poor inhabitants have been 
driven to ask for refuge at the Asylum for the Des- 
titute!' It is important, therefore, that the state- 
ment should go forth, that the institution is open, 
not merely to the inhabitants of this neighbourhood, 
but to all who seek for shelter therein ; and that the 
proportion of strangers has hitherto far exceeded that 
of the population of our own town and neighbour- 
hood. With regard to this charity, we cannot tell 
the amount of good that it will produce. We all 
know, that many a gallant vessel has been saved from 
destruction by the timely heaving of the wave, just 
at the very moment when her keel was grating on 
the bottom ; and we also know, how many an out- 
cast, just when he was meditating — yet shrinking 
from — the crime, may also have been saved by the 
night's shelter and the night's reflection which you 
have afforded him, from taking that final step in vice 
from which there is little — if any — chance of return. 
There is, as it were, but a thin gauze veil between 
virtue and crime, which, once broken through, the 



68 MANCHESTER WORKHOUSE. 

rent may be patched, but can never afterwards be 
wholly obliterated." 

THE MANCHESTER WORKHOUSE 

Is an extensive building, and valued, with its fur- 
niture, in the overseers' accounts, at upwards of 
£30,000. Its situation is upon an eminence in 
Strange ways. It is surrounded by a large garden, and 
yards for the wards, and was erected in the year 
1792. The provision for the poor in Manchester 
is necessarily very extensive. The fluctuations in 
trade, and the casualties attendant upon our manu- 
factures, together with the vast amount of Irish poor, 
who flock to the town in search of employment, 
cause a heavy augmentation of the poors'-rate.* For 
the year ending March, 1839, upwards of £13,000 
were distributed among the out-door poor, and in 
several departments about £1,600 more. The ex- 
penditure on the workhouse alone, during that pe- 
riod, was £8,751 ; of which sum £106 appears to 
be appropriated, with praiseworthy liberality, to 
tobacco and snuff for the more aged inmates, who, no 
doubt, consider these articles as essential to their 
comforts. The total expenditure of the overseers, 
for the year, was £41,000. The average number of 
the inmates of the workhouse, for the same year, 
was 711. In March, 1839, there were 765 inmates, 

* The sum expended in England for the relief of the poor 
alone, in the year ended 25th March, 1838, was £4,123,604, 
which is two per cent, more than in the preceding year. The 
total amount of poor's rate expended, including law charges, 
county rates, &c, was £5,468,699. There was, during this 
year, a very general decrease of expenditure in the agricul- 
tural counties, viz. in Lincoln, 12 per cent. ; Shropshire, 9 ; 
Hereford, 8 ; Cambridge and Westmoreland, each 7 ; Kent 
and Monmouth, 6 ; Norfolk, Suffolk, and the North Riding 
of Yorkshire, 5 : while in the county of Lancaster, the in- 
crease was 19 per cent. ; in Nottinghamshire, 18; in the West 
Riding of Yorkshire, 12 ; and in Warwick, 9 per cent, 



MANCHESTER WORKHOUSE. 



69 



whose average weekly cost for food was 2s. 4^d. each. 
The following is an analysis of the number, distin- 
guishing sex, and the employment which those able 
to work are engaged upon : — 

Men. I Worn. Boys Girls. Total 



Weavers and Winders 

Tailors, Shoemakers, Joiners, Sew- 
ers, and Labourers 

Nurses, Servants, and Assistants... 
Employed at Offices and Church... 

Ditto in Pin Shop 

Lunatics and Idiots 

Blind, Lame, and subject to Fits.. 

Infirm and incapable of Work 

Sick, and on the Doctor's List . .. 
Children in School and Nursery.. 



33 
7 
2 
1 
2 
8 
138 

46 



46 
52 

1 

13 

21 

173 

50 



15 



80 

67 

2 

57 

17 

29 

311 

126 



43 68 



243 358| 91 I 73 765 



Mr.R. Chambers, of Edinburgh, states, in an article 
in the Edinburgh Journal, respecting the food of 
paupers, that " he had carefully inspected the work- 
house of the borough of Manchester. He found 
that, for 677 inmates, the weekly provisions con- 
sisted of 237 pounds of choice beef at 6d., 532 
pounds of coarse beef (that is, necks, shoulders, and 
briskets) at 4d., and 120 pounds of bacon at 6d — 
besides the bones, amounting to about 24 pounds ; 
6 loads flour, 6 loads oatmeal, 18 loads potatoes, 40 
pounds rice, 10 pounds tea, 80 pounds sugar, 80 
pounds treacle, 80 pounds butter, and 58 pounds 
cheese, besides beer, &c, being, in all (not allowing 
for waste), about 33 ounces of solids a-day, whereof 
3 ounces are animal food- When waste and extra 
diets are allowed for, tlje amount may probably be 
about thirty ounces." 

The deaths in the Manchester workhouse, from 
September 1, 1837, to August 31, 1838, were 295, 
the average number of inmates being 708 ; thus, 1 



70 



SALFORD WORKHOUSE. 



dies for every 2 and 8-20ths — or about 2^. The 
following is a list of the number of interments in the 
parish burying-ground, Walker's Croft, which ad- 
joins the workhouse : — 

From 16th of January, 1815, (the date of con- 
secration) to 26th of February, 1835 19,950 

From 28th of February, 1830, to Oct. 31, 1830 8,352 

From Nov. 1st, 1835, to February 22, 1839... 4,944 



Total 33,246 

THE SALFORD WORKHOUSE 

Was built about the same time as that of Manchester. 
It is a large brick edifice, situate in Greengate. The 
total expenditure of the overseers of Salford, for the 
year ending March, 1839, was £10,220 16s. 4d., 
of which sum nearly £2,000 belong to the workhouse 
department. Owing to a junction of the Salford 
Overseers with the Salford Union, we cannot present 
a complete analysis of the inmates of the workhouse 
in March, 1S39> but are enabled to give the one 
published in March, 1838. At that date there were 
353 paupers in the house, classed as follows : — 



Men. 


Worn. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


Remarks. 


3 


1 


17 


5 


26 


Employed out of the house. 


16 


39 






55 


Employed in the house. 


40 


54 






94 


Infirm. 


5 


14 


1 




20 


Lame. 


2 


1 






3 


Blind. 


2 


7 






9 


Idiots and Lunatics. 


9 


10 


1 




20 


Sick. 






51 


38 


89 


Attend the house school 


2 


6 






8 


Fits. 






13 


15 


28 


Infants. 




1 






1 


Boarder. 



Total No. in the house, \ 
March 24, 1838... J 



353 



CHARITIES. 71 

The consumption in 1837-8, in this establish- 
ment, of 

Bread, was 66,546 lbs. 

Beef and Mutton 16,077 ... 

Coals 5,018 cwt. 

The average total cost, per head, of paupers in this 
workhouse was, in 

s. d. 
1828 — 9 ... 3 11^, when the average no. of paupers was 134 

1829-30 ... 4 8±, ... , 139 

1830-1 ... 4 U, 140 

1831— 2... 3 9, 159 

1832—3 ... 4 7h 157 

1833—4 ... 3 2, ... ... ... 174 

1834—£ ... 2 llf, 209 

1835—6 ... 2 11, 220 

1836—7 ... 2 81, 236 

1837— 8 ...3 8J, 321 



The poor's rate, in Salford, for the year 



1825, was 2s. in the pound, 

1826, ... 5s. ditto. 

1827, ... 5s. ditto. 

1828, ... 4s. ditto. 

1829, ... 3s. ditto. 

1830, ... 3s. ditto. 

1831, ... 3s. ditto. 



1832, was 5s. in the pound. 



1833, 
1834, 
1835, 
1836, 
1837, 



2s. 
Is. 
Is. 
Is. 
3s. 



ditto, 
ditto, 
ditto, 
ditto, 
ditto. 



The charities of Salford, which now produce a 
large sum annually, will, at the expiration of certain 
leases, be greatly augmented ; and as they are solely 
applicable to the relief of the poor of that borough, 
it is presumed that, ultimately, the poor's rate will 
be very trifling in amount. 



CHARITIES. 



There are several other charitable institutions in 
the towns of lesser magnitude, which, to describe, 
would lead too much into detail. However, it may 



72 CHARITIES, 

not be out of place to mention here, that there are 
public charities in Manchester, dispensed by the 
Boroughreeve for the time being, to the amount of 
£2,392 per annum ; and in Salford similar charities 
exist, to the amount of £1,600 per annum. 



CHAPTER IV. 



BENEVOLENT, MORAL, AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

Under this head may be classed those institutions 
which have for their object the improvement either 
of the physical or moral condition, or both, of 
the community. 

THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD TOWN MISSION 

Has its offices in Charlotte-street. This society 
was established in 1837. Its objects may be best 
described by an extract from the first annual Report, 
published in May, 1 838 : — " The society's opera- 
tions are confined exclusively to Manchester and its 
vicinity. The densely populated districts of the 
poor in this large town are selected, and about 500 
families are assigned to the care of an individual, 
who has previously undergone a strict examination, 
as to his fitness for the office of a Missionary to the 
poor. Amongst these families the Missionary la- 
bours day by day, reading the Scriptures from house 
to house, and conversing with the inmates on reli- 
gious subjects, lending the Word of God to such as 
do not possess it, holding small meetings for the 
perusal of the Scriptures, exhortation, and prayer, 
urging the people to attend the public preaching of 
the Gospel, prevailing upon parents to send their 
children to the nearest Sabbath-school, distributing 
approved religious tracts, and visiting the sick. The 
boatmen on our rivers and canals are not overlooked, 
one Missionary being employed exclusively for their 
benefit. The Missionaries have also been made the 
medium of private and public benevolence, having 
the best opportunities of ascertaining the real neces- 
sities of cases which occur in their districts. 
g 2 



74 TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. 

From the liberal manner in which the institution 
has been supported, the Managers have been enabled 
to engage forty-five agents, including a paid secre- 
tary, who resides at the office. The catholicity of 
the society is evident, from the fact, that these have 
been appointed altogether irrespective of the deno- 
mination to which they belong, being composed of 
members of the Established Church, Methodists, 
Independents, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Mora- 
vians. They are cautioned to beware, directly or 
indirectly, of attempting to promote the interests of 
a party, the sole object of the mission being to bring 
sinners to the Saviour, and to lead them to take his 
word as a light to their feet and a lamp to their 
path. Each of the Missionaries has a Superinten- 
dant, appointed from amongst the subscribers, to 
whom he delivers a weeklyrecord of his proceedings." 
The affairs of the society are managed by a Com- 
mittee of sixteen, including a Treasurer and two 
Honorary Secretaries. 

The supporters of this society have felt so im- 
pressed with its adaptation to promote the moral 
and spiritual welfare of their fellow-townsmen, that 
fifteen gentlemen have each come forward to sub- 
scribe sixty guineas per annum ; and eleven sub- 
scribe to the amount of thirty guineas and upwards. 
The income of the society, in the second year of its 
existence, was about £2,200. 

THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD TEMPERANCE 
SOCIETY. 

In allusion to this society, it may be premised, 
that the first regularly organized Temperance So- 
ciety was formed at Boston, in America, in Febru- 
ary, 1826. The pledge of membership then adopt- 
ed was, abstinence from ardent spirits, and mode- 
ration in fermented beverages. These principles 
were introduced first into Ireland in 1829, by Pro- 



TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. 75 

fessor (now Dr.) Edgar. The first public meeting, 
to promote temperance, held in Manchester, took 
place May 12, 1830. A society was then formed, 
which continued its operations under the auspices of 
several public-spirited gentlemen, until the latter end 
of 1834. A public meeting was held in the General 
Baptist Chapel, Oak-street, February 26, 1835. The 
moderation pledge was abandoned, and a new so- 
ciety was formed, having only one pledge, — absti- 
nence from all intoxicating beverages. For some 
time the Oak-street Temperance Society continued 
to flourish, adding members daily, and extending its 
influence, Fifteen branch associations were formed 
in Manchester, and several in the neighbouring 
towns. 

The extraordinary success of Teetotalism * in 
Manchester excited considerable interest in other 
places, and ultimately reached to America. The 
result of this society's operations is now about 
500,000 members, in the United Kingdom; 2,000,000 
in America, beside many thousands in other foreign 
parts. 

In September, 1835, the Oak-street Society form- 
ed itself into the Manchester and Salford Temperance 
Society, j There are twelve branch associations which 
hold weekly meetings, the number of members is 
about 8,000 ; of which about 500 are reformed drunk- 
ards. The present secretaries are G. D. Thomson, 
A. M., and Mr. Samuel Hague. 

The society is supported principally by its own 
members, who are chiefly of the working classes, 
with the limited aid of some benevolent individuals. 
Its annual income and expenditure is about £200. 

* A Provincialism ; meaning a total abstinence from intoxi- 
cating beverages. 

t An executive committee, for the transaction of the gene- 
ral business of the society, meets the last Tuesday in every 
month, at Marsden's Temperance Hotel, Oldham-street. 



76 



PROVIDENT SOCIETY. 



Since its commencement, it is estimated, that about 
£50,000 have been saved from the dram-shops and 
public-houses, and devoted to the comforts of the 
poor. 

About 300,000 copies of " The Star," a weekly 
periodical, advocating temperance, edited by the 
Revds. F. Beardsali and J. Barker, have been pub- 
lished and circulated by this society. 



THE DISTRICT PROVIDENT SOCIETY 

In St. James's-square. The main object of this in- 
stitution is "to elevate and improve the condition 
of the working classes, and to assist in conveying 
the offerings of private benevolence into a proper 
and deserving channel. Through the medium of 
domiciliary visiting, the society seeks to cultivate a 
kindly feeling between the rich and the poor ; and 
to improve the condition of the latter, by encou- 
raging cleanly, provident, and contented habits.' ' The 
society also discourages the practice of indiscrimi- 
nate alms-giving, and collects, by means of its agents, 
the weekly savings of the poor, for which it holds 
out a premium. The number of persons relieved by 
the society, for the year ending May, 1838, was 657, 
which number may be thus analysed : — 



Weavers 237 

Labourers .... 103 

Printers 27 

Shoemakers . . 23 

Spinners 21 

Fustain Cutters 21 

Joiners 18 

Dyers 16 

Tailors 11 

Piecers 7 

Painters,... 6 



Smiths 6 

Bakers 5 

Bricksetters ... 4 

Mechanics 3 

Sawyers 3 

Strippers 3 

Porters 3 

Winders 2 

Warpers 2 

Reelers 2 

Makers-up 2 

Total 

Widows ., 



Hatters 2 

Cork Cutters ... 2 

Sailors 2 

Brewer 

Clerk 

Carder 

Hawker 

Image maker . . . 

Nailer 

Saddler 



538 
119 



657 



COMMERCIAL CLERKS* SOCIETY. 77 

THE COMMERCIAL CLERKS' SOCIETY. 

This benevolent and useful society was estab- 
lished in the year 1802. Its object is to secure 
commercial men and their families against destitu- 
tion, on the occurrence of any reverse of fortune. 

The society consists (without limitation as to 
number) of gentlemen, persons in trade, and of 
those employed as clerks or principal servants in 
mercantile houses, in the counties of Lancaster, 
Chester, Derby, or the West Riding of Yorkshire. 

The society is governed by a president, vice- 
president, treasurer, three trustees, three auditors, 
and a committee of twenty-four members, elected 
annually, and who meet once a fortnight for the 
transaction of business, and whose services are ren- 
dered gratuitously. 

The annual subscription was formerly one guinea, 
with an admission fee of two guineas, or the pay- 
ment of nine guineas, in addition to the admission 
fee constituted the subscriber a life-member : subse- 
quently the annual subscription was raised to two 
guineas, and the admission fee to six guineas and 
upwards, according to the age of the person, and 
thirteen guineas for a life membership. 

It was originally intended that the members re- 
quiring the assistance of the society should receive 
one guinea per week ; the widows £20 per annum ; 
their children £5 per annum till twelve years old ; 
and orphans £10 per annum till fourteen years old. 

At the time this society was established, the cal- 
culations by which such institutions should be guided 
were comparatively imperfect ; and hence this so- 
ciety, like many others, had claims made upon it to 
so great an amount as to compel it to limit the 
allowance to one-third of the amount originally 
contemplated. 

The first claim upon the society was made in 1 808, 



78 PENITENTIARY. 

and from that time to August, 1838, the following 

sums have been paid : — 

To sick and infirm members... £11,781 3 5 
To widows and children ...... 18,238 1 1 

Toorphans 2,434 3 



£32,453 4 9 



The society has a permanent fund of £17? 686 14s. 7d. 
invested in chief rents and mortgages. The interest 
of this fund, with the annual subscription of the 
members, and assistance from an auxiliary fund, 
consisting of donations from merchants and other 
gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood, enable 
the society to meet the annual disbursements which 
are about £1300. During the year ending August, 
1838, forty-four decayed members, ten orphans, 
and ninety-five widows of deceased members were 
relieved. Mr. Cottam is the secretary. 

THE ASYLUM FOR FEMALE PENITENTS, 

Or, as it is generally called, " The Penitentiary/' 
is situate in Embden-place, Greenheys. It was 
established in 1822, in a building in Rusholme-road, 
Chorlton-upon- Med lock ; but these premises be- 
coming inadequate to the purposes of the institution, 
the committee made a call upon the public for funds 
towards the erection of a new building. That call 
was liberally responded to, £1,680 being speedily 
contributed, when the present handsome edifice 
was commenced. The asylum is now completed, 
and affords space for the accommodation of several 
times the present number of inmates. In Decem- 
ber, 1838, the number it contained was forty-seven. 
From want of accommodation and funds, about 300 
unfortunate women have, since its first establishment, 
been refused admittance. From the date of its institu- 
tion up to June, 1838, 242 were admitted. Theexpen- 



BIBLE SOCIETY. 79 

diture for the year ending J une, 1838, was about 
£550. The income (owing to collections being 
made in sundry churches and chapels,) reached to 
nearly £800, of which amount £97 was the earnings 
of the inmates. # 

THE AUXILIARY BIBLE SOCIETY. 

The Depository of this society is in St. Peter's- 
square. From a report, published in October, 1838, 
it appears that, during the preceding twelve months, 
the issues from the Depository were — 

Bibles ,.. 1638 

Testaments 1452 

Total 3090 

During the same period the Ladies' Association 

issued — 

Bibles 345 

Testaments 192 

Total 537 

Making the entire issue from both societies, during 
the year, 3627 Bibles and Testaments. This num- 
ber, added to the previous issues, makes the aggre- 
gate amount of Bibles and Testaments, circulated in 
this vicinity through the medium of this Auxiliary, 
up to the period stated, 136,207. 

The annual subscriptions received during the 
same year amounted to £594. Mr. John Gunson is 
the assistant secretary. 



The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 
and the Religious Tract Society, have each depots 
in the town. 



CHAPTER V. 



EDUCATION, &C 
THE COLLEGE, 

On account of its antiquity, as well as being a build- 
ing in which charitable education is dispensed, claims 
priority of notice. It is situate between the Colle- 
giate Church and the river Irk, on whose banks, 
near its confluence with the Irwell, the edifice is 
built. The College is supposed to be as old as the 
Collegiate Church. It was founded by the De la 
Warres, in the reign of Henry VI. It was the resi- 
dence of the warden and fellows of the church until 
after the death of Henry VIII., when it was sold to 
Edward, Earl of Derby, in the hands of whose des- 
cendants it remained until the civil war broke out, 
when it was seized on behalf of the parliament. It 
was used by the army as a barracks, and as a prison, 
and consequently became very much delapidated. 
About this time, Humphry Chetham, a merchant, 
residing at Turton Tower, near Bolton, and at Clay- 
ton Hall, conceived the idea of founding a Blue-coat 
hospital, and library ; and the College to his views 
appeared a most suitable building in which to esta- 
blish his charities. He accordingly expressed, in 
his will, a desire that it should be purchased by his 
executors, which desire they were enabled to fulfil 
soon after the Restoration, when the building again 
became the property of the Derby family. The 
purchase was made of the celebrated Charlotte de la 
Tremouille, Countess of Derby,* defender of Lathom 

* Countess of the unfortunate James, Earl of Derby, be- 
headed at Bolton in 1651. 



If 



BLUE-COAT HOSPITAL. 81 

house. Possession of the building being obtained, 
the executors of Chetham proceeded to execute the 
benevolent will of the founder of 

THE BLUE COAT HOSPITAL, 

Which provides for the education and support of 
eighty poor children, from six till fourteen years of 
age, when they are apprenticed. Forty was the 
original number mentioned in the will, but the funds 
are so ample that the number has been doubled.* 
The Blue-coat Boys are elected from various 
townships, in proportions according to the directions 
left by the founder of the hospital. From 

Manchester, there are 28 boys elected. 

Salford, 12 

Droylsden, 6 

Crumpsall, 4 

Bolton, 20 i 

Turton,. 10 

Total, 80 

The vacancies are filled up on Easter Monday. 
In order that a boy may gain admission, a form of 
petition is necessary. This form may be obtained 
on application to the Governor of the College. Be- 
fore being presented, it must be signed by the Over- 
seers and Churchwardens of the township wherein 
the applicant may have resided. 

One entrance into the College is from Hunt's 
Bank ; and the trustees have recently erected a 
handsome stone gateway, having carv^i thereon the 
arms of the founder, with his family motto, 

"Quod Tuum Tene," 
and the following dates, 

" Founded, a. d., 1653. Incorporated, a. d., 1665; 

* For an account of the valuable Library in Chetham 
College, the reader is referred to the head "Libraries." 
H 



82 BLUE-COAT HOSPITAL. 

Another entrance is through an ancient doorway in 
Long Millgate, whichleadsto the yard or play-ground, 
on entering which, at certain hours, the visitor will 
be surrounded by a cluster of Collegians, each of- 
fering some trifling article of his own manufacturing, 
for sale. College balls, from their elastic and re- 
bounding qualities, were formerly celebrated through- 
out the town amongst a class by whom such qualities 
can be appreciated. The visitor having entered the 
yard, will do well to inquire for a guide, when a 
juvenile cicerone will be summoned by a bell. 
The guides are a privileged class, and are duly 
trained by their own fraternity, to the right per- 
formance of their functions. With little preli- 
minary ceremony, they usher the visitor into an 
apartment, in which he is directed to look here, 
and gaze there, — at sundry wonderful objects. As 
if it were profanity to linger too long on any 
one object in particular, the worthy guide makes a 
quick transition from one to another ; and the 
curious stranger, if he get a hasty glance, must 
subdue all further curiosity. The taciturnity of the 
youthful guide on all subjects not in the catalogue 
of curiosities, forbids any question in search of expla- 
nation, and his imperturbable gravity seems impos- 
sible to relax itself into the furthest approximation 
to a smile, even when he points to the (i cock that 
crows when he smells roast beef." Like the priests 
of the Delphic Apollo, he appears to have imbibed a 
peculiar inspiration to fit him for the high duties of 
his office, and so long as he is officiating its influ- 
ence remains. After exploring the various galleries 
and the Library, the visitor may descend into the 
College buttery and taste the wheaten bread, and 
take a draught of the wholesome ale, which form a 
solid foundation for the boys to build a good meal 
upon. Blue- coat Hospital is under the superin- 
tendence of Mr. Crossley, the Governor. 



FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 83 

THE FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL 

Is situate near the gate of Chetham Hospital, in 
Long Millgate. The new school has been recently 
erected, the old one alone becoming inadequate to 
the accommodation of the applicants for admission — 
a consequence of the increasing population of the 
town ; and both schools are now numerously occu- 
pied. This institution is one whose exterior has 
nothing remarkable to commend it ; but its internal 
advantages are great, and are prized by the com- 
munity for whom they were designed. The school 
was founded by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, 
in the year 1520; and the original building re- 
mained in existence as late as the year 1776, when 
it was taken down, and the present old school 
erected on its site. 

The endowments of the school have increased so 
much in value, that the report of the " Commis- 
sioners appointed to inquire concerning Charities in 
England, for the Education of the Poor," stated the 
income (in the year 1825) to exceed £4,000. At 
that date little more than half that sum was annu- 
ally expended, leaving a vast accumulating surplus. 
On an application being made to the Court of 
Chancery for power to appropriate the surplus to 
some useful purpose, permission was grantee! to 
expend £10,000 on a new school and house for the 
High Master. 

The statute of the school provides for twelve 
exhibitions at Oxford and Cambridge. The value 
of these is now £60 each. Besides these, there are 
fifteen other exhibitions, founded by Hulme, of 
Kearsley. Boys educated here have also a claim 
in rotation with other schools to sixteen scholar- 
ships in Brazennose College, Oxon, and to an equal 
number in St. John's College, Cambridge: these 
vary in annual value from £18 to £26. 

The High Master's salary is £600 per annum, 
with house rent and tax free. The present High 



84 DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 

Master is the Rev. Dr. Elsdale. In this school are 
taught the classics, and the principal modern Euro- 
pean languages, mathematics, writing, arithmetic, 
and modern arts and sciences. 

SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB,* 

The design of which is to afford instruction to deaf 
and dumb children of all ranks and conditions in 
life, is situate almost adjoining the Botanical Gar- 
dens, Stretford-road, and opposite the entrance to 
Tr afford Park. 

This excellent institution was established in the 
year 1823. At that time the only schools of in- 
struction for the indigent deaf and dumb in England 
were the London and Birmingham Asylums, the 
former only affording means of entirely gratuitous 
instruction to the poor. The applications for ad- 
mission into both these institutions were so numerous 
that it was with great difficulty a child from a dis- 
tance could procure admission. Many children being 
thus prevented from becoming applicants, the de- 
sign of forming an institution in this neighbourhood 
suggested itself to a number of benevolent gentle- 
men, who, on making their intentions publicly 
known, were speedily supported by the character- 
istic philanthropy distinguishing this neighbourhood. 
The result of an inquiry made in some of the 
principal factories and Sunday schools in the town, as 
to the number of deaf and dumb persons known 
to the parties employed, or taught therein, was, that 
from one mill the houses of twenty-five individuals, 
known to the hands employed were made known ; 
from one Sunday school the names of eleven were 

* There are 8000 deaf mutes in England ; the institutions 
at present in operation are not capable of educating more than 
600. It is calculated that at least one-eighth of the whole 
number are within the age and other qualifications generally 
prescribed for education. It, therefore, seems necessary that 
more extended provisions should be made for their instruction. 
— Newspaper paragraph. 



DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 85 

returned. These facts being ascertained, an active 
canvass of the town and neighbourhood was insti 
tuted, a sufficiency of funds for the commencement 
of the institution on a small scale procured, and 
the establishment was commenced. 

In England the proportion of the deaf and dumb 
is about one in 1500; consequently, supposing the 
population of Manchester to be 300,000, there are 
200 deaf and dumb individuals contained therein. 

Mr. Vaughan, long the assistant to the late Jos. 
Watson, L.L.D., the enlightened and benevolent 
superintendent of the London Asylum, was ap- 
pointed master to the infant institution, and under 
his superior management the school soon became 
popular. The public seeing the progress made by 
the pupils placed under his care, liberally came for- 
ward to its assistance, and the premises occupied by 
the charity in Stanley-street, near the New Bailey, 
became too small to receive the number of children 
which its funds could support. A building had 
long been in contemplation, and a fund for its 
erection had been commenced ; but now the 
conductors of the institution felt themselves called 
upon to make active and vigorous exertions for 
its accomplishment. The town and neighbour- 
hood were again canvassed, and a handsome sum 
was obtained ; but the most important aid which 
the fund received arose from the proceeds of a Ba- 
zaar, which was held in the large room of the Town 
Hall, in April, 1836, was most numerously at- 
tended, and the receipts, including the proceeds 
of a ball, amounted to upwards of £4,000. After 
deducting all expenses, the sum of £3,848 was paid 
over to the treasurer of the building fund. 

The trustees of the bequest of the late Mr. Hen- 

shaw, for the endowment of a Blind Asylum, having 

about this time succeeded in raising a fund for the 

erection of a building for that purpose, it was 

h2 



86 DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 

agreed between them and the committee of this 
institution to erect the two buildings in the imme- 
diate locality of each other. After-considerations 
induced the committees more immediately to unite 
the two institutions by the erection of a chapel in 
the centre. 

The cost of the portion of this splendid pile of 
buildings occupied as the Deaf and Dumb Institu- 
tion, including the purchase of the land, was about 
£11,000. The accommodation provided is calcu- 
lated for one hundred children, besides containing 
apartments for the masters, private pupils, and the 
requisite members of the establishment, and the 
building is so constructed, that in case it should be 
required increased accommodation could be obtained 
at a slight cost. The children admitted within its 
walls are taken from Manchester and the surround- 
ing counties ; no instructions as to locality existing 
in the rules except to those counties in which there 
is a school for the Deaf and Dumb established. 
Thus admitted, each child has to be provided with 
clothing, according to a list furnished to its friends, 
who are required to find securities to keep up the 
same during the continuance of the child at the 
school. If the parents be in indigent circumstances 
the children are instructed and maintained gratui- 
tously ; but if the parents can afford to pay some- 
thing towards their support, the committee after an 
enquiry into their circumstances, fix the sum, vary- 
ing from 2s. per week to £20 per annum. The 
period for education occupies five years, with the 
usual vacations at Christmas and Midsummer. The 
children are admitted into the school by election of 
Governors. The election takes place annually, ge- 
nerally in the month of May or June. Previous to 
the day of election each subscriber is furnished with 
a list of the candidates, containing a list of their 
cases, and the circumstances of their friends. With 
this list the subscriber marks with his initials the 



DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 87 

names of the parties whom he wishes to be admitted 
according to the number to be received into the 
school ; and at the close of the poll, which com- 
mences at eleven in the morning, and closes at three 
in the afternoon, the votes are added up, and those 
children which have the largest numbers are declared 
duly elected. A subscription of £1 Is. per annum 
" shall, during its continuance, entitle the subscriber 
to one vote at all elections of children into the school : 
a subscription of Two Guineas per annum to two 
votes, and so on in the proportion of one vote for 
every Guinea subscribed." — " Every donation of 
Ten Guineas, at one time, shall entitle the donor to 
one vote at all elections of children into the school ; 
a donation of Twenty Guineas shall entitle the do- 
nor to two votes, and so on in the proportion of one 
vote for every Ten Guineas." And all Governors 
are allowed to vote by proxy. There are now 
under instruction — 

Boys 46 

Girls 28 

Total 74 



and there are also upon the books many candidates. 
Divine service takes place in the chapel twice every 
Sunday, during the summer months, at eleven 
o'clock in the morning, and at half-past six in the 
evening ; in the winter months at eleven o'clock in 
the morning, and at half-past three in the afternoon. 
The minister is the Rev. T. Buckley, M. A., late 
curate of St. Paul's, in this town. Full cathedral 
service is regularly performed by one of the most 
efficient choirs in the neighbourhood. 

The present master of the institution is Mr. H. B. 
Bingham, late of the Exeter institution, Mr. Vaughan 
haying died in 1834. The other officers of the insti- 
tution consist of a patron and patroness ; a presi- 
dent ; twelve vice-presidents ; treasurer and sub- 



88 BUND ASYLUM. 

treasurer; secretary, and a committee consisting of. 
twenty-four individuals. The public, generally, are 
admitted into the institution only on Wednesdays, 
between ten and one o'clock.* 

THE BLIND ASYLUM 

Forms the other wing of the same building. Its 
origin is attributable to the late Mr. Henshaw, of 
Oldham, who, about twenty years ago, bequeathed 
the sum of £20,000 for the endowment of an asylum 
for the blind, which sum was to be appropriated 
whenever a suitable building was erected for the re- 
ception of inmates. The original sum having 
doubled itself, the Manchester people began to 
arouse themselves, and they commenced a subscrip- 
tion for the building. In a short time nearly £9000 
was subscribed. The asylum will accommodate 1 50 
inmates. Its object is to provide for the aged and 
impotent blind, and to afford such instruction to the 

* This institution is deeply indebted to the exertions of 
the late Mr. Bateman, who was "the early friend, the con- 
stant unwearied supporter, and the unflinching advocate 
of its wants in every period of its existence." The last re- 
port of the institution issued early in 1839, alludes with great 
respect to Mr. Bateman's memory, and remarks : — " On a 
reference to the minutes of the proceedings of their prede- 
cessors in office, your committee find the name of Mr. Bate- 
man associated with every act of any, even the most trivial 
importance, from the day in which your institution was pro- 
jected till the time of his being seized with the sickness which 
laid him on the bed of death. In June, 1823, the establish- 
ment of a school for deaf mutes in this town was first con- 
templated, and the wretchedness of the twofold calamity of 
deafness and dumbness was too painfully forced upon Mr. 
Bateman, by the unhappy circumstances of two members of 
his own family being afflicted, to allow him to remain for a 
single day inactive after the first application on the subject 
made to him by Mr. Robert Philips, to whom this institu- 
tion looks more especially as its founder, though it were in- 
justice to the memory of the dead not to look upon Mr. 
Bateman as a most valuable ally conjointly concerned in the 
good work." 




I MA'. ":>3i@@3Lo 




T 7 ler ^ el ' • J.Stephanson"^: 

: : AIL IE JPEESinnEMTni&IM. 



JUBILEE AND LANCASTERIAN SCHOOLS. 89 

indigent blind capable of working, as will enable 
them, in some degree, to provide for themselves. 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Hughes have recently been 
elected master and matron. 

THE JUBILEE SCHOOL 

Is an institution for the education of girls of a 
humble station in society, who have here such mat- 
ter taught them as will qualify them for the dis- 
charge of the duties of domestic servants. They 
are admitted between the ages of eleven and thirteen 
years, and are placed in situations at the discretion 
of the committee of ladies. The institution is situate 
near the Manchester Workhouse, in Strange ways, 
and was established, as its name imports, on the 
celebration of the fiftieth year of the reign of George 
III. The late Mrs. Hall, of King-street, bequeathed 
upwards of £10,000 to this institution, in the year 
1832, when its benefits were immediately extended, 
and girls to the number of forty were thenceforward 
admitted. 

Domestic servants from this establishment are in 
great request. 

The building does not present any thing particu- 
larly attractive in its appearance. 

THE ROYAL LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL 

Is a large building, situate in Marshall-street, Old- 
ham-road. This excellent institution, which is well 
worthy of attention, provides, gratuitously, the ele- 
ments of learning to the children of the poor ; and 
on so extensive a sca^e. that upwards of one thou- 
sand boys and girls are under instruction. At the 
date of the last meeting (early in 1839)? there were 
in the school 736 boys, 338 girls, and the total num- 
ber of children registered in the books, from the 
commencement, was 21,358. The amount of in- 
come for the preceding year was £251, derived 
from subscriptions, and £30 from funded property. 



90 



NATIONAL AND SUNDAY SCHOOLS 



NATIONAL SCHOOLS. 

There are two schools bearing this appellation. 
The first is situate in Granby-row, London-road ; 
the other is in Great George- street, Chapel-street, 
Salford. These schools were founded in 1813, (the 
latter having been removed to its present site,) and 
have for their object the gratuitous instruction of the 
children of the humbler classes of the community. 

SUNDAY SCHOOLS. 

There were, in Manchester and Salford, in 1834 
and 1835, no less than 1 1 7 Sunday schools, affording 
Sabbath instruction to 42,950 scholars. The follow- 
ing tables, extracted from the reports of the Statisti- 
cal Society of 1835, will afford a correct analysis: — 

SUMMARY OF THE SUNDA.Y SCHOOLS, AND OF THE SCHOLARS 
IN MANCHESTER. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



tes... 



SCHOLARS. 



Boys. 



Church Establishment 25 

Wesleyan Methodist 18 

Catholic i 9 

Independent 9 

Methodist New Connexion .. 5 

Baptist 3 

General Baptist 2 

Primitive Methodist j 2 

Bible Christian j 2 

Welsh Independent j 3 

Scotch Church 

Scotch Secession Church ... 

New Jerusalem Church 

Unitarian 

Independent Methodist 

Arminian Methodist 

Welsh Baptist.. 

Welsh Methodist 



4938 

4209 

1912 

2070 

700 

656 

192 

190 

271 

413 

65 

96 

65 

196 

180 

37 

18 

95 



Total. 186 16303 16893 33196 



Girls. 



5346 

4857 

1968 

1989 

753 

527 

158 

211 

130 

366 

50 

92 

85 

87 

140 

42 

12 

80 



Total on 
theBooks 



10284 

9066 

3880 

4059 

1453 

1183 

350 

401 

401 

779 

115 

188 

150 

283 

320 

79 

30 

175 



SUNDAY SCHOOLS. 



91 



SUMMARY OF SUNDAY SCHOOLS, AND OF THE SCHOLARS IN 
SALFORD. 



RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. 



Church Establishment (where 
of seven connected with 
Churches) 

Ditto ditto at Poor House 

Wesleyan Methodist 

Independent 

Catholic 

Methodist New Connexion ... 

Primitive Methodist 

Unitarian 

Wesleyan Association 

Welsh Independent 

Bible Christian 

New Jerusalem Church 

Independent Methodist 

United Christian , 

Unconnected with any religi- 
ous body 



iH-3 

o 




SCHOLAl 


Boys. 


Girls. 


8 


1272 


1410 


1 


31 


28 


5 


1318 


1312 


4 


711 


776 


2 


256 


357 


2 


288 


265 


1 


334 


368 


1 


151 


70 


1 


116 


97 


1 


96 


80 


I 


51 


47 


1 


60 


30 


1 


25 


40 


1 

i 


7 


8 


i 


110 


40 



Total on 
theBooks 



2682 

59 

2630 

1487 

613 

553 

702 

221 

213 

176 

98 

90 

65 

15 

150 



Total 31 | 4826 4928 I 9754 

The day on which Her Majesty was crowned, a 
most delightful spectacle was presented at Ardwick, 
one of the suburbs of Manchester, by upwards of 
forty thousand Sunday scholars, and twelve hundred 
and eighty charity scholars assembling upon the 
extensive Green, who sung in one vast chorus, the 
national anthem. There were various other exhibi- 
tions and pageants upon that occasion, but no sight 
was more attractive, or excited more interest than 
this. The following is a list of the schools that 
were then assembled : — 

The Blue Coat School 80 

The Collegiate Church School 60 

The Ladies' Jubilee School 40 



92 INFANT SCHOOLS. 

The Lancasterian School 1,100 

Sunday Schools of the Established Church.. 13,000 

The Ministers and Friends of the Wesleyan 
Methodist Schools in the 2nd, 3rd, and 
4th Circuits 4,600 

The Ministers and Friends with the Sunday 

Schools of all Denominations 5,900 

The Ministers and Friends with the Schools 

in the Sunday School Union 9,000 

The Catholic Clergy and Friends with their 

Day and Sunday Schools 5,000 

The Ministers and Friends with the Unita- 
rian Schools 1,000 

The Ministers and Friends with the New 

Jerusalem Schools 800 

The Ministers and Friends with the Primi- 
tive Methodist Schools 1,000 

INFANT SCHOOLS. 

One of the earliest Infant schools, established in 
Manchester, is in Saville-street, Oxford-street, Chorl- 
ton-upon-Medlock. It was founded in 1826. The 
character of its system and arrangements is so well 
known as to place it at the head of such establish- 
ments. To those persons interested in education, 
a visit to this school is particularly deserving atten- 
tion ; and the master, Mr. Hartley, feels honoured 
by an opportunity of exhibiting the proficiency of 
his infant pupils, whose acquirements reflect great 
credit upon his ability in tuition, and whose order 
and discipline speak well for his patience The 
practice of music applied in aid of the mnemonic 
faculties, is here seen in perfection, The master of 
the school is frequently engaged to start similar 
institutions, of which there have been many recently 
established in the town and neighbourhood. Saville- 
street school contains about 160 scholars. In a 
book kept for the purpose of registering the names 



MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SCHOOLS. 93 

of visitors, those of the Bishop of Chester, the War- 
den of Manchester, and Dr. Boothroyd, appear 
amongst many hundreds of others ; and the same 
book contains numerous testimonies to the progress 
of the children, and the efficiency of the master. 
There are 2000 children under instruction in the In- 
fants Schools in Manchester. The principal schools 
besides Saville-street, are in Lower Mosley-street, 
Buxton-street, Canal -street, Ancoats, one near 
St. Matthew's church, and one in Bridge-street, 
Strange ways. 

DAY AND INFANT SCHOOLS. 

In connexion with the Wesleyan Methodist 
body, there are two of these valuable institutions. 
One is situate in Chancery-lane, Higher Ardvvick ; 
the other is situated at Islington. The object of 
these schools is not to supersede the use of Sunday 
schools, but to instruct the children of the poor on 
those subjects which, in the estimation of the con- 
ductors, cannot be taught with propriety on the 
Sabbath day. 



In connexion with the Strangeways chapel, are a 
girls' day school and infants' school, which have 
been established since the opening of the chapel. 



SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY 

In Manchester, are situate in Pine-street and 
Marsden-street. In these institutions lectures are 
delivered on all the subjects connected with surgery 
and the practice of medicine, and so efficient are the 
lecturers, and their arrangements, that an examining 
body before a committee of the house of commons, 
gave the following unsolicited testimony : — " That 
no class of pupils is better prepared than those who 
have been educated solely at Manchester." 



94 EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. 

Both these institutions possess " museums of na- 
tural and morbid structure," and also medical libra- 
ries, which are open to the pupils, and employed by 
the lecturers as a means of instruction. 

In a recent number of Blackwood's Magazine it is 
remarked : — " To Manchester belongs the honour of 
having established the first provincial school of 
medicine and surgery, and the example thus set, has 
been followed by Birmingham, Sheffield, Bristol, 
Hull, Nottingham, and other towns. The medical 
schools in Manchester are now in a flourishing and 
satisfactory state. There was a time, and that not re- 
mote, when the question of provincial medical schools 
was at best a doubtful one, and when there was reason 
to apprehend that the courses of public instruction 
pursued in the metropolis, would be superseded or 
interfered with by these local establishments. But 
experience has shown that these apprehensions were 
ill founded ; and it is now demonstrated, that the 
general interest of the profession has been promoted 
by the spirit of emulation, and increased activity 
and zeal, excited amongst the metropolitan lecturers 
by the generous rivalry of provincial teachers." 

Mr. Jordan, of Manchester, was the first to esta- 
blish a provincial school, and Mr. Turner to found 
one which superseded entirely the necessity of the 
pupil going to London for anything more than his 
examination — a school, in fact which completed every 
department of medical education. 

THE MANCHESTER SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING 
NATIONAL EDUCATION 

Was established in November, 1837, by a number 
of gentlemen, who united for the purpose of urging 
upon the legislature the duty of establishing a system 
of National Education^ calculated to fit the people 
for the right discharge of the various duties of their 
station ; and which, whilst religious, should not be 



EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. 95 

sectarian in its character. They designed at once 
proceeding to establish cheap and efficient schools 
in the poorest and most neglected parts of their own 
town. The objects of the society are thus stated in 
the rules : — 

1st. To collect and disseminate information upon 
the existing state of Education in this country, and 
amongst the population of Lancashire in particular. 

2nd. To aid, by its advice and by recommending 
properly qualified instructors, all those who may be 
disposed to improve the Education and training of 
the industrious classes of Manchester and the neigh- 
bourhood. 

3rd. To endeavour, by petitions and other con- 
stitutional means, to obtain from Parliament a legis- 
lative provision for securing to all classes of the 
community an improved and a permanent System of 
Education. 

4th. To establish, at the earliest possible period, 
and to maintain a school or schools for the education 
of children and the qualifying of young persons, of 
both sexes, to fill the office of teachers. 

5th. All schools established by this society, or 
supplied by it with teachers, shall be open to the 
children of parents of all religious denominations. — 
Bible classes shall be formed in every school in which 
the entire volume of the Holy Scriptures, without 
note or comment, shall be read by the children, ex- 
cepting from this rule Catholics and Jews only. 

By its local efforts the society has established ju- 
venile schools in the following localities : — 

Gould- street, St T Georges-road. For Boys and Girls. 

Number of scholars, about 150. The system of 
tuition is a modification of that of Poussin, and is 
nearly identical with that pursued in the schools of 
the Glasgow Education Society. Its distinguishing 
features are,— the assembling of all the pupils in the 



96 EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. 

gallery, at stated times, for examination ; recre- 
ation in the play -ground, under the eye of the mas- 
ter, who is thereby enabled to observe, and to che- 
rish or restrain the developements of character 
amongst his charge ; and the training of both sexes 
together, for the sake of the beneficial influence 
which, under proper regulation, they exercise upon 
each other. 

Wilmot- street, Hulme. For Boys, 

This school is under the superintendence of a 
teacher from the Normal seminary, Borough-road, 
London. The number of scholars is about 200 ; 
in consequence of recent alterations, however, ac- 
commodation will now be afforded for 300. 

Wilmot- street. For Girls. 

In this school about 100 children are placed under 
the care of a female teacher from the Borough-road 
institution ; subject to the superintendence of a Com- 
mittee of Ladies. 

The fees are 3d. per week in the first school, and 
4d. in the others. Books are provided gratis. The 
course of instruction comprises reading, writing, 
English grammar, arithmetic, geography, and draw- 
ing, with a daily familiar lesson in some branch of 
science. In the Girls' school, sewing and knitting 
also are taught, and instruction is given, as far as is 
practicable in domestic duties. The moral improve- 
ment of the children, the cultivation of right dispo- 
sitions, the formation of good habits, and the im- 
planting of sound principles, are studiously attended 
to in these schools. 

A donation of £10 10s., or upwards, at one time, 
or an annual subscription of £1 Is. constitutes a 
member. 

Amongst the subscribers are some of our wealthi- 



EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 97 

est merchants and manufacturers — members of the 
established church, and of all denominations of dis- 
senters. Messrs. T. H. Williams, 15, Brown-street, 
and Edwd. Worthington, solicitor, Fountain-street, 
are the Honorary Secretaries. 

EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 

The following is extracted from the report of 
Leonard Horner, Esq., the factory inspector of this 
district, furnished on the motion of Mr. Grote, M. P., 
that Her Majesty would be pleased to give directions 
that each of the four factory inspectors report sepa- 
rately, at the period of his quarter's report, ' on the 
effect of the educational provisions of the Factory 
Act,' &c. 

Mr. Horner gives a list of 29 factories or esta- 
blishments, where he considers the educational pro- 
visions of the act to have been observed in the most 
efficient manner. We have not space to notice all ; 
but select a few of those in this neighbourhood in 
which the greatest number of children are taught : — =• 

1. Birleyand Co. Manchester — 31 boys and 21 
girls taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, 
sewing, and knitting ; school fees paid by the firm ; 
been in operation 26 months ; children attend school, 
which is on the premises, in four sets ; books used 
are the Edinburgh Sessional School books ; lessons 
on objects and New Testament. 

4, Cook, Hyde, and Co. Manchester — 60 girls 
taught on the premises, reading, writing, arithmetic, 
sewing, and knitting ; children pay Id. each, weekly, 
and the remainder of the expenses are paid by the 
firm ; 1 1 months in operation ; two sets ; Edinburgh 
Sessional School books, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 

12. James Guest, Manchester. — 35 boys, 9 girls ; 
taught on the premises, in two sets ; reading and 
writing, children paying 3d. each, weekly ; in opera- 
tion two years ; spelling book and New Testament, 
i 2 



98 EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 

16. Thomas Houldsworth, Manchester. — 35 boys, 
1 1 girls, taught on the premises, in one set, reading, 
writing, and arithmetic, for which they each pay 4d. 
weekly ; in operation a year ; Edinburgh Sessional 
School books. 

IS. James Kennedy and Co. Manchester 56 

boys, 17 girls, taught on the premises, in one set, 
reading, writing, and sewing, for which they pay 3d. 
each ; in operation two years ; Bible, Testament, 
and explanatory pictures. 

19. John Lees and Sons, Gorton, near Manches- 
ter — 38 boys, 16 girls, taught in three sets, on the 
premises, reading, writing, arithmetic, and geo- 
graphy ; school fees paid by the firm ; in operation 
two years ; Irish National School books. 

20. M'Connel and Co. Manchester— 20 boys, 44 
girls, taught in two sets, on the premises, reading, 
grammar, writing, arithmetic, geography, sewing, 
and knitting, for which the children pay respectively 
2d. and 3d. weekly, the remainder being defrayed 
by the firm ; in operation 17 months ; Irish National 
School books, and Edinburgh Sessional School col- 
lection. 

21. New Bridge Mill Twist Co. Manchester — 
137 boys, 9 girls, taught in two sets, on the pre- 
mises, reading only, at the cost of the firm ; in ope- 
ration 25 months ; spelling book and Bible. 

22. John Pooley and Son, Hulme — 38 boys, 6 
girls, taught in three sets, not on the premises, read- 
ing and writing, for which they pay 2d. each, weekly ; 
in operation two years ; spelling books and New 
Testament. 

The total number of children taught in these 29 
factories are 1,115 boys, 705 girls. Arithmetic is 
taught in 12 of the 29 ; geography in 5 ; sewing and 
knitting in 9 ; sewing in 4 more ; and in one school, 
at Brocksbottom, near Bury, — besides reading and 
writing, sewing and knitting,- — singing is taught the 



EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 99 

children, who get this education for 3d. each, weekly. 
The Edinburgh Sessional School books appear to be 
most extensively used ; and in the country mills, 
the " Reading-made-easy" and the Scriptures. Of 
the 29 schools, 20 are on the premises of the mills 
or factories. In 16 of the 29, the whole cost of the 
schools is defrayed by the firms, and in three others 
it is partly paid by the firm, and partly by the chil- 
dren themselves.* 



From Manchester Guardian. 



LofC. 



CHAPTER VI. 



LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 
THE ATHENEUM, 

Bond-st., is an Institution established for the pur- 
pose of affording persons of the middle classes in so- 
ciety, chiefly young men, a suitable resort for reading 
the public prints, and for attending lectures, also to 
enable them at a moderate charge to enjoy the bene- , 
fits of a library. These privileges and many others 
are secured to subscribers, on payment of 30s. per 
annum. A splendid building has been erected for 
the purposes of this institution, from the design of 
Mr. Barry, of London. When complete, this insti- 
tution will perhaps be without a rival in the king- 
dom, and it is certainly worthy the taste and opu- 
lence of the town. There are, connected with the 
institution, classes in which are taught the French 
and Italian languages, and in which music and phre- 
nology may be studied. Occasionally public concerts 
are given to the members. 

The following extracts from the Third Annual 
Report, read in January, 1839, may prove inte- 
resting. 

The number of subscribers for the first 

quarter of 1838 was 1227 

For the second 1110 

Forthe third 905 

For the fourth 979 

The members have access to forty-three English 
newspapers, including thirteen published daily, one 
three times a week, and five twice a week ; four 
Irish papers, including one daily, one published 
twice a week, and two three times a week ; five 
Scotch papers, including two twice a week, and one 




. _: 




: 



THE ATHENEUM. 101 

thrice a week ; one French, three German, and a file 
of American daily papers ; six quarterly reviews ; 
and nineteen monthly and five weekly magazines. 

In the Library there are 3,960 volumes, being an 
increase of 822 during the year. The library in- 
cludes works on moral and mental philosophy ; poli- 
tical economy, &c, 139 ; history and biography, 748 ; 
science and art, 251 ; poetry, 236; novels, 928. 
About thirty of these volumes are donations from 
friends of the Institution, 

Fifteen courses, making a total of 73 lectures, 
have been delivered in the institution during the 
year. 

The following accounts of receipts and expendi- 
ture was appended to the report : — 

" The balance of account rendered to the last an- 
nual meeting was £115 9s. ; the receipts during the 
year have been £1,964 14s. 7d. consisting of £60 
for three life members : £307 10s. for annual sub- 
scriptions ; £ 1 , 1 77 1 0s. for half-yearly ditto ; £25 1 0s. 
from classes ; £131 2s. 6d. admissions to concerts ; 
£103 lis. 8d. for magazines, newspapers, and waste 
paper sold ; £78 8s. 3d. for rent of coffee-room ; 
£43 10s. 7d. for fines; £11 3s. 8d. interest, and 
sundry other items ; making a total of £2,080 3s. 7d. 
The payments amount to £2,219 14s. 8d. ; making 
a balance of £139 1 Is. Id. due to the treasurer. The 
payments may be classed under the following heads : 
— Investments £280, being the amount of books 
bought — Extraordinary expenses, £50 10s. lid — - 
Ordinary expenses, £1,889 3s. 9d. Of this amount 
the principal items are £415 9s. lOd, for newspa- 
pers ; £367 9s. lOd. for lectures; £138 5s. 2d. for 
concerts; £154 17s. 4d. for salaries ; £76 8s. Id. 
for gas rent and fittings; £131 13s. 8d. for book- 
binding and stationery; £43 15s. for advertising; 
£28 7s. lOd. for taxes; £93 18s. 9d. for classes ; 
£280 rent to Royal Institution ; £81 rent of coffee- 
room, &c. &c. 



102 mechanics' institution. 

THE MANCHESTER MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. 

The object of the Institution is to instruct the 
working classes in the principles of the arts they 
practise, and in other branches of useful knowledge, 
excluding party politics and controversial theology. 
At the small expense of five shillings a quarter, the 
workman may not only acquire a more thorough 
knowledge of his business, and a greater degree of 
skill in the practice of it, but he will also be better 
qualified to advance himself in the world ; better 
enabled to secure the means of support and enjoy- 
ment, and better qualified to promote the education 
of his children. The principal means in operation 
for the accomplishment of results so beneficial, are 
lectures, evening classes, a library and reading 
room. 

The last annual report of the Institution is dated 
February, 1839. It appears that the ordinary receipts 
during the past year amounted to £2,109 ; the dis- 
bursements to £2,177; leaving a balance due to the 
treasurer. On the building account, the receipts 
(which include the receipts of a public exhibition) 
amount to £2,120 ; the disbursements to £386 ; leav- 
ing £1,733 at the disposal of the building committee. 
The building of the Mechanics' Institution cost 
the sum of £6,600, It was the first building erected 
in England for a Mechanics' Institution. It is ex- 
pected that the debt owing upon it will, in the 
course of this year, be entirely liquidated ; and that 
the building will be free for ever, for the purposes 
of a Mechanics' Institution. 

At the close of the year 1838> the number of sub- 
scribers was 1161. Of this number there were, 

Under 14 years of age 51 

Between 14 and 21 years of age 446 

Above 21 years of age 664 

Total 1161 



mechanics' institution. 103 

The following is a general classification of their 
respective employments : 

1 . Principals, engaged as Merchants, 7 ~£q 

Manufacturers and Machinists j 

2. Mechanics, Millwrights and En- 7 , ~< 

gineers J 

3. Overlookers, Spinners and other i «o 

Mill hands J 66 

4. Building Trades 89 

5. Sundry Trades, chiefly handicraft 105 

6. Warehousemen 173 

7. Clerks 86 

8. Artists, Architects, Engravers,&c 47 

9. Professional Men 8 

10. Schoolmasters 12 

11. Shopkeepers and their Assistants 69 

12. No Profession 12 

J3. Ladies 8 

14. Youths 152 

Total 1161 



Sixty-five lectures were delivered during the year ; 
and the total numbers of persons who attended them 
were 20,650 males, and 4,800 females. 

The library connected with the Institution contains 
5,036 volumes, classified as follows ; — 

WORKS. VOLS. 

Pure Sciences 216 ... 312 

Mixed Sciences 737 ... 1635 

History 463 ... 1167 

Polite Literature 587 ... 1853 

Parliamentary Reports 10 ... 15 

Pamphlets bound 24 ... 26 

Appendix unclassified 18 ... 20 

Further additions... 8 

Total 5036 



104 mechanics' institution. 

The deliveries of books in 1837, were 38,000; last 
year, 42,000 ; and the sura total of the deliveries of 
books to read since the opening of the library in 
1 824, is upwards of 300,000. 

The following tabular form presents a comprehen- 
sive view of the classes, and the attendance there- 
on : — 

Average 
Subjects taught On List. Attendance 

Grammar 122 ... 55 

German Language 8 ... 6 

Arithmetic 154 ... 66 

Elocution and Composition 28 ... 21 

Mechanical Drawing 64 ... 39 

Chemistry, Mutual Instruction. 

Landscape and Figure Drawing. ..... 46 ... 28 

Vocal Music , 24 ... 16 

Natural History, Mutual Instruction 

Writing 138 ... 70 

Algebra, Geometry, and Mensu- V -. ~ , ~ 

ration J 

French 25 ... 18 



The following is an enumeration of the various 
kinds of articles in the last exhibition ; an exhibi- 
tion which was visited by upwards of 130,000 per- 
sons, without any material damage occuring to any 
of the articles exhibited : — 

31 Models of Steam Engines. 

79 Models of useful Machines, and ingenious 

Mechanical Contrivances. 
20 Models of Ships, Packets, Boats, &c. 
400 Specimens of beautiful Manufactures, and of 
superior workmanship in the Arts. 
12 Models of Public Buildings. 
40 Specimens of Papier Mache and Cabinet 

Work. 
19 Time-Pieces and Clocks. 
90 Philosophical Instruments. 



mechanics' institution. 105 

160 xlncient and Modern Cariosities. 
1050 Medals, Coins, and Plaster Casts of Medallions 
59 Landscape Paintings. 
35 Painted Portraits. 
64 Historical and Allegorical Paintings. 
13 Paintings illustrative of Natural History. 
290 Engravings. 

140 Indian Ink and Coloured Designs and Draw- 
ings. 
28 Specimens of Glass, painted and stained. 
30 Busts. 

20 Figures in Marble and Plaster of Paris. 
200 Natural Curiosities. 
300 Botanical Specimens. 
7000 Mineralogical and Geological Specimens. 
1120 Birds. 

100 Quadrupeds and Reptiles. 
4000 Shells. 
10000 Insects. 
1000 Coralines. 



26300 



This exhibition, as well as one held in the pre- 
ceding year, was instituted for the purpose of reduc- 
ing the debt upon the building of the Institution. 
The number of contributors to it was 360, who gra- 
tuitously and benevolently allowed the articles in 
the exhibition to remain for a period of several 
months; thus conferring a lasting benefit on the 
Institution. 

The Institution is under the deepest obligation to 
Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bart., who, from its com- 
mencement, has taken the most active interest in its 
welfare, and whose name must always be associated 
with its history. Mr. Henry Day, Jun., is the 
Honorary Secretary. The building is in Cooper- 
street. 



106 SALFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. 

SALFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTION 

Is situate in Chapel-street, Salford. This Institution 
is not intended to oppose that of Manchester, but is 
established for the convenience of the artisans of the 
borough in which it exists. It is conducted on simi- 
lar principles to those of the Manchester Mechanics' 
Institution. Though only in its infancy, it promises 
to answer well the objects of its founders. 

The first annual meeting of this Institution was 
held in the month of June, 1839. After a brief ad- 
dress from tbe chairman, the honorary secretary read 
the report of the directors, which embraced a state- 
ment of the steps taken by the directors previous to 
and since the opening of the Institution, on the 20th 
of June last. Classes had been opened for Arith- 
metic, Algebra, and Geometry ; Grammar, Writing, 
Architectural, Ornamental, and Perspective Draw- 
ing. The number of members at that time was 16 
life, 127 yearly, 19 half-yearly, and 351 quarterly. 
The library comprised 964 volumes and 28 pamph- 
lets ; 466 volumes had been purchased, the re- 
mainder were donations : every precaution had been 
taken not to admit books of an immoral or improper 
tendency; and the directors urged on the sub- 
scribers the importance of increasing the stock of 
books. 

During the year, 37 paid lectures, and 13 gra- 
tuitous ones, had been delivered. A museum had 
been commenced, but could not yet boast of a large 
collection of specimens. Mr. Drew is the honorary 
secretary. 

THE SCHOOL OF DESIGN. 

This Institution was formed in 1838. Its rooms 
are in the building of the Royal Institution, Mosley- 
street. 

The objects of the Society are to give instruc- 
tion to students, by means of competent masters, 



SCHOOL OF DESIGN. 107 

in design — including ornamental drawing, flower 
drawing, drawing the human figure, perspective, 
geometry, civil engineering, architecture, model- 
ling, light, shade and colour, pattern-drawing for 
calico printing, fancy weaving, &c. ; delivery of 
lectures on painting, sculpture, anatomy, zoology, 
botany, &c. : the formation of a museum for the ex- 
hibition of casts, models, paintings, designs, me- 
chanical inventions, and other works of art ; and 
of a library of books and engravings. 

Persons who pay £10, or subscribe one pound 
per annum, have free personal access for themselves ; 
and persons paying £20 or upwards, or subscribing 
two pounds per annum, have free access for them- 
selves and all the members of their families, (except 
males above twenty years of age,) to the drawing 
school, library, museum, meetings, exhibitions, and 
all other public parts of the Institution, subject to 
to the regulations of the council. 

The following is an extract from the first report 
of the Institution, published in February, 1839: — 

" The school was opened on the first of October 
last, and thirty-six pupils have been admitted, con- 
sisting of 



12 Pattern Designers 


1 Cabinet Maker 


9 Artists 


1 Printer 


5 Architects 


5 Miscellaneous Oc 


1 Engineer 


cupations 


1 Glass Stainer 


, — 


1 Coach Painter 


36 Total, 



attending chiefly in the evening, regularly — Of these 
students, 12 are qualified to draw from the round, 
either statues or busts ; 1 3 are good copyists ; and 
1 1 are elementary students ; and the council have 
every reason to be satisfied with the general pro- 
gress of the pupils." 

The receipts up to the date of the report were, 
£369 ; Mr. Bell is the master. 



108 LYCEUMS. 

ANCOATS LYCEUM 

Is situate No. 1 07, Great Ancoats-street. The lecture- 
room is in Lever-street, under the Wesleyan Asso- 
ciation chapel. 

This Institution embraces the following objects : — 

A library and news-room, supplied with the best 
newspapers and periodicals ; a coffee-room ; weekly 
meetings for friendly intercourse, and mutual im- 
provement ; occasional meetings of members and 
their families for musical and other rational recrea- 
tion ; classes for children and adults in the essential 
branches of education ; and lectures on subjects of 
popular interest. 

The subscriptions are 2s. per quarter, payable in 
advance. Females Is. 6d. per quarter, to the library, 
lectures, and classes. 

The classes, which include Reading, Writing, 
Arithmetic, Grammar ; and (at a small extra charge) 
Sewing and Knitting, have separate accommodation, 
are attended by a competent female teacher, and 
periodically visited by a committee of ladies. Mr. 
John Perkins is the honorary secretary. 

LYCEUM, CHORLTON-UPON-MEDLOCK, 

Was established November, 1838. This Institution 
comprises within its design the educational advan- 
tages of a mechanics' institution, library, popular 
lectures, classes, &c, together with a news-room, 
coffee-room, and other features of a recreative charac- 
ter. The very moderate subscription of 2s. per 
quarter for each member is adopted. The secretary 
is Mr. Perkins. 

SALFORD LYCEUM. 

There is also an Institution denominated the 
ci Salford Lyceum," established in the borough of 
Salford. The objects and arrangements are similar 
to those of the Lyceums just noticed. 



THE PARTHENON. 109 

THE PARTHENON, 

Is an Institution of a character kindred to that of 
the Lyceums, previously mentioned. It chiefly ori- 
ginated with members of the Temperance Society, 
although it is not exclusively composed of tempe- 
rance members. Its objects are the promotion of 
literature, and the diffusion of knowledge among the 
working classes. Lectures are frequently delivered 
to the members on various subjects. The annual 
subscription is eight shillings. The rooms of the 
Institution are in^Smithfield, Shudehill. 



k2 



CHAPTER VII. 



LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. 
THE ROYAL INSTITUTION, 

Mosley-street, is an institution particularly worthy 
of notice. It is a splendid stone building, erected 
after the design of Mr. Barry, the architect of the 
new houses of parliament. The cost of the land 
and building has exceeded £30,000. The object of 
the Institution is to encourage literature, science, 
and the arts. It was established at a public meeting 
held in the year 1823. There is an exhibition of 
paintings, by modern artists, within its walls every 
year, to which the public are admitted on payment 
of one shilling. Every three years there is an exhi- 
bition of paintings by the old masters, and by artists 
of decided celebrity, which is greatly enriched by 
the liberality of the nobility and gentry of the neigh- 
bourhood, who send the choicest pictures from their 
own collections to grace these exhibitions, and to 
gratify the public. The Duke of Wellington and 
Lord Francis Egerton may be named among the 
distinguished patrons of art who have in this way 
contributed to enhance the value and attraction of 
this exhibition. During the year ending March, 
1839, there were two exhibitions, one of modern, 
the other of ancient paintings. The first was visited 
by 4129 individuals, the latter, by 3212. Governors 
and their families, and annual subscribers only, are 
admitted to the lectures, for the delivery of which 
there is a theatre w 7 ithin the building, which will 
accommodate about 800 persons. His late majesty, 
George IV., presented to the Institution a series of 
casts from the Elgin marbles, which adorn the en- 



LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Ill 

trance. A splendid full-length marble figure, by 
Chantry, of Dr. Dalton, has lately been deposited in 
the exhibition room. It is intended to occupy a 
permanent site within the hall of the Institution. 
This splendid work of art, so creditable to the 
artist, and to the public spirit of the subscribers, 
forms a great attraction to the inhabitants of the 
town as well as to strangers. 

In connexion with this department of the Institu- 
tion, the handsome donation of our townsman, Sir 
Benjamin Hey wood, Bart., of £500, deserves record. 
The interest of this sum is annually distributed to the 
successful competitors for what is named " The 
Hey wood Prize," for paintings. 

The town of Manchester cannot boast of a greater 
ornament than the superb building of this Institution. 

THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY 

Holds its meetings in its rooms, in George-street, 
opposite St. James's church. This society was in- 
stituted in 1781. Its first secretary was Dr. Thomas 
Henry, whose chemical discoveries have so much 
tended to enrich the town of Manchester. There 
are about 150 members in the society, the oldest of 
whom living is Robert Philips, Esq., of the Park, 
whose date of admission is 1783. The next is Sir 
George Philips, Bart., who joined the society in 
1785. The third member in seniority is the cele- 
brated Dr. Dalton, whose entrance is dated 1794. 
Dr. Dalton has been for some years president of the 
society, and regularly attends its meetings, which 
are held every alternate Friday during the winter 
months, from seven to nine o'clock. The society 
has published many volumes of transactions, which 
have been the vehicle by which some of the most 
important chemical discoveries of modern times have 
been given to the world. Dalton's New System of 
Chemical Philosophy, and his immortal discovery of 



112 LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 

the Atomic Theory, as well as many other of his 
discoveries, were first published in these transactions. 
Numerous valuable papers by other eminent men 
are inserted. Indeed, the repute of these transactions 
has caused them to be in demand on the continent, 
and they appear translated into several foreign lan- 
guages. The members of this society are admitted 
by ballot, and their admission is presumptive 
evidence, that they are qualified to become mem- 
bers of such an association, by literary or philoso- 
phical attainments. The society takes a standing 
so high in the estimation of men of .science, that it 
is neither probable or desirable unqualified admis- 
sions will ever take place. 



It seems almost necessary, whilst alluding to the Li- 
terary and Philosophical Society, to speak a little more 
at length of Dr. Dalton, the ornament of the soci- 
ety, and the boast of our town. The fame of the 
Doctor is so extended, that it would be superogatory 
to dwell upon it ; and to enter into the detail of 
those discoveries upon which it is built, is a work 
capable of being performed only by some able man 
to whom those details are familiar. The Doctor 
has recently been afflicted with a severe illness, and 
his recovery was doubted by many of his friends. 
The writer of these remarks has often encountered 
him since his convalescence in his daily walks, and 
conceived, with many other persons, that he had 
abandoned severe study, and was giving relaxation 
to a mind which had been allowed little repose for 
half a century ; but the writer was mistaken, for on 
being referred by a friend of the Doctor's, a mem- 
ber of the council * of the society, to him for 
information respecting the Philosophical Society, 
he found him in the house of the society, in his labo- 
ratory, apparently deeply engaged in some chemi- 

* John Davies, Esq. 



THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 

cal experiments. He was seated alone, his head 
covered with a close dark velvet cap, and before 
him on a table were placed several glass vessels, the 
contents of one of which he was rapidly stirring, in- 
tently gazing upon the effect of the motion. His 
fine venerable appearance, surrounded by a variety 
of chemical apparatus, — his thoughtful countenance, 
— the time, place and circumstance, — conveyed to 
the mind of the writer the beau ideal of a philoso- 
pher. The Doctor, with a courtesy the narrator had 
no right to expect, ceased his experiments, to afford 
the information that was sought ; and dispatched an 
attendant up stairs for the necessary documents. The 
attendant returned, not being able to find them of 
a date sufficiently recent ; and on communicating 
his want of success to the Doctor, the aged philo- 
sopher* made no remark, but proceeded in search of 
them himself, and soon returned with them in his 
possession. The writer was struck with the charac- 
teristic nature of the action ; and this instance of 
perseverance reminded him of a speech made by 
the Doctor at an anniversary meeting of the Pine- 
street School of Medicine, just five years ago, in 
which the following passage occurred, " If 1 have 
succeeded better than many who surround me, in 
their different walks of life, it has been chiefly, 
nay, I may say almost solely, from unwearied as- 
siduity" 

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY 

Has its rooms in Falkner-street. This Society was 
instituted in 1 838, and has for its objects, to investi- 
gate the mineral structure and organic remains of 
the earth, (and especially of the coal measures of 
the south of Lancashire, and that of the new red 
sandstone formation of Cheshire) ; to inquire into 
the statistics and machinery of mining ; to collect 

* Dr. Dalton was born in 1766. 



114 THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY. 

books, sections, maps, models, and mining records ; 
to publish transactions with suitable illustrations ; 
and to form a museum to be open gratuitously to 
the public. 

The management of the affairs of the society is 
vested^in a council. 

The first special general meeting of the society 
was held in the Royal Institution in January, 1839, 
when, from the report, it appeared that the society 
consisted of 225 members. This number shows how 
much the interest in the science and discoveries of 
geology has increased in the public mind ; and it is 
also evidence, that such a society was required in Man- 
chester, to concentrate and systematize the labours 
and contributions of many enquiring and intelligent 
individuals. The society has decided upon the for- 
mation of its Museum, which has every prospect of 
being well and soon furnished with ample and valu- 
able collections of minerals and fossils. 

Every facility is offered by the society for the 
reception of contributions relating to the objects it 
has in view, whether by papers, sections, or speci- 
mens presented by members, or others not belonging 
to the society. At the ordinary monthly meetings, 
strangers have the privilege of admission through 
the introduction of any of the members. 

Some of the first men in geological science have 
already been pleased to accept the honour of having 
their names enrolled as honorary members ; and 
there is every reason to look forward to the society 
being well supported from all parts of the neigh- 
bouring counties. Lord F. Egerton is the presi- 
dent ; Mr. Thomas Ashworth, and Mr. H. C. Camp- 
bell, are the secretaries, 

THE MANCHESTER STATISTICAL SOCIETY 

Is an Institution of modern date : it was established 
in 1834. Its objects are, " the collection of facts 



PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 

illustrative of the condition of society, and the dis- 
cussion of subjects of social and political economy ; 
totally excluding party politics/' 

The subscription is two guineas annually from 
ordinary members. Admission is by ballot. 

Gentlemen distinguished for their ability and zeal 
in cultivating statistical inquiries, and living at least 
ten miles distant from Manchester, may be admitted 
as corresponding members. No subscription is re- 
quired from them. 

The ordinary meetings are held during the so- 
ciety's session, viz., from the first of October to the 
first of July, with intervals not exceeding six weeks 
between each meeting. 

Members are expected to communicate to the 
society papers on statistics, and on subjects of social 
and political economy, particularly on such as may 
be of local interest. 

This society has already published several valuable 
papers on the state of education, on the condition of 
the working classes, the increase of steam-power in 
Manchester and Salford, &c. ; and many of the 
gentlemen connected with it are indefatigable in 
their exertions to further its objects. Communica- 
tions for the secretary may be addressed to the care 
of Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bart., & Co., bankers, 
Manchester. 

THE PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

This Society was instituted in 1829. During the 
first year of its existence, a purchase was made of a 
full set of two hundred and ten casts of heads, masks 
and skulls, from Messrs. Luke O'Neill and Son, of 
Edinburgh, being copies of the entire collection of 
the Phrenological Society in that city. That col- 
lection, at the time, was considered one of the best ex- 
tant. Since then at least one hundred casts have 
been added to the Manchester Society's collection 



116 PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

by purchase, and by contributions from friends and 
members. Several real skulls have also been pre- 
sented or obtained, and some excellent mouldings of 
the brain by Mr. Bally. 

There is a library attached to the Society, con- 
taining almost all the works that have been written 
upon phrenology ; especially may be mentioned, the 
great work of " Dr. Gall on the Functions of the 
Brain," and also all the well-known and appre- 
ciated works of Drs. Spurzheim and Andrew Combe, 
and of George Combe, Esq. 

This Society has always made it a principle to 
disseminate, as well as to collect, every information 
upon the doctrines, in all their bearings, of Gall and 
Spurzheim, and has, consequently, published all the 
most important of the papers or essays read before 
it. Its members have also given free public lec- 
tures ; and through its exertions and influence, the 
public of Manchester have had opportunities of hear- 
ing nearly all the most distinguished advocates of 
the science. 

The meetings of the Society, (besides occasional 
conversational meetings,) have, of late, beer held on 
the second Monday in each month, in the rooms un- 
derneath those occupied by Mr. Bally, artist, in 
King-street; but they are now held in Falkner- 
street, where the library and the casts, &c. are 
placed. The books are allowed to be taken out by 
members only ; but strangers are at all times ad- 
mitted free to inspect the casts, &c. on the intro- 
duction of a member. Election by ballot, being 
proposed and seconded by members, having a ma- 
jority of three-fourths of the members present, and 
an annual subscription of one guinea, are the terms 
of membership. Mr. J. P. Lynill is the honorary 
secretary, and Mr. J. Loyd curator of the casts, &c. 

The Society consists now of about forty members, 
besides a large number of corresponding members, 



GALLERY OF CASTS. 117 

residing at a distance, or abroad. It has some ho- 
norary members, who are eminent as phrenologists, 
and have been elected on account of their superior ser- 
vices to the science, or to the Society. The proceedings 
of the Society generally consist in the reading of 
papers or essays upon subjeccs allied to, or bearing 
upon phrenology, or in the communication, by mem- 
bers, of any phrenological facts that may have come 
under their notice. 



In connexion with the Phrenological Society we 
may mention 

MR, BALLY'S GALLERY OF CASTS, 

which is well worth the visit of the phrenologist, or 
indeed of any one interested in looking upon a col- 
lection of busts of the great ones of the earth. It 
contains upwards of one thousand casts of skulls 
and masks, taken from nature, many of which 
were procured on the occasion of the proprietor's 
journey on the continent with the celebrated 
Dr. Spurzheim. Placed round the gallery is a 
selection for study : these are in number thirty-six. 
They are arranged with printed illustrations, show- 
ing the use and abuse of the phrenological develop- 
ment of each of the organs, and exhibit these organs 
in a great variety of combinations. 

Even to the anti-phrenologist the assemblage of 
so many celebrated persons, of different ages, 
and of every variety of character, station, and 
clime, is an interesting field for an hour's con- 
templation. Thus may Shakspeare, Tasso, Pope, 
Burns, Moore, Thomson, La Fontaine, Words- 
worth, Crabbe, Pierpoint (of Boston, U. S.), &c, 
be brought together ; as may the features of 
Cicero (brought from Rome by Dr. Spurzheim), 
Voltaire, Sheridan, Garrick, Home Tooke, Roscoe, 
&c. Amongst statesmen are Edmund Burke, Pitt, 
i 



118 GALLERY OF CASTS. 

Fox, Perceval, Doctor Franklin, Huskisson, Lord 
Brougham, &c. — Robert Owen, Joseph Hume, and 
other living men " of note," are also to be found. 
Amongst modern divines and preachers are Drs. 
Chalmers, Raffles of Liverpool, Montgomery of Bel- 
fast, Drummond of Dublin, Bunting, &c. ; Revs. 
William Roby, Robert Newton, James Martineau, 
Rammohun Roy, &c. Of royalty there are some 
examples, as Henri Quatre, George III. and George 
IV., Napoleon (taken after his death, at St. Helena), 
Robert the Bruce (from the Phrenological Society 
of Edinburgh), the Duke of Sussex, &c. Amongst 
musicians may be found Haydn, Neukomm, Dus- 
sek, &c. ; in mechanical science, Watt, Stephenson, 
Brunei, &c. ; in other departments of science. Sir 
John Herschell, John Hunter, Audubon ; in paint- 
ing, Sir Thos. Lawrence, Sir David Wilkie, Liver- 
seege, and others. Of phrenologists, the principal 
are Drs, Gall and Spurzheim, Mr. Geo. Combe, Mr. 
Hewitt Watson, and Sir Geo. Mackenzie. There 
is a collection of skulls and casts, exhibiting national 
peculiarities, as seen in those of the Hindoo, the 
New Zealander, the Charib, the Esquimaux, the 
Chinese, the Turk, and the Australian, with those of 
the ancient Egyptian (mummy), ancient Greek, an- 
cient Briton, and ancient Peruvian form of heads. 
There are various idiots, five of one family ; but the 
most singular part of the collection is that of the 
heads of criminals, principally murderers, most of 
whom have been executed for their crimes. Amongst 
them are Burke, Hare, Corder, and Greenacre ; Eu- 
gene Aram, Bellingham, David Haggart, Mary 
M'Kinnis, &c. The Continent contributes Fieschi, 
of " infernal machine" notoriety; Lacenaire, a French 
writer, who committed murder ; and a cast of the 
head of Margaretha Gottfried, who was executed at 
Bremen in 1828, for having poisoned, during a suc- 
cession of years, both her parents, her three children, 



ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY. 119 

her first and second husbands, and five or six other 
individuals. Amongst those criminals locally noto- 
rious, are Wm. Heaton, of Warrington, murderer ; 
Tong, who murdered a child in Hulme, and then cut 
his own throat ; and Patrick and Edward Donnelly 
and Lawrence Curtis (three of a gang of Irish high- 
waymen), who were executed at Shrewsbury. The 
collection of the skulls of birds, the smaller quadru- 
peds, reptiles, and fishes, is very good ; and there is 
also a neat collection of miniature busts for a cabinet, 
each exhibiting the development of the thirty-five or 
thirty-six organs of phrenologists. 

THE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY 

Was established in 1837, for the purpose of diffusing 
a general taste for architecture and the fine arts, as 
well as for affording to members of the profession 
opportunities for friendly intercourse and mutual im- 
provement ; and to junior members facilities for pur- 
suing their studies, by the establishment of a library 
of standard works on art for circulation and refer- 
ence ; periodical meetings for reading papers and 
discussion ; and occasional exhibitions and conver- 
sazione. 

The rooms of the Society, in Cooper-street, are 
open to the members, for perusing the periodicals, 
referring to the books, and studying from the casts, 
every day from nine o'clock in the morning till six 
in the evening ; and the library, which already con- 
tains many valuable publications on the fine arts, is 
open every Wednesday and Saturday evenings from 
seven till nine, for the issue of books. 

The general meetings are held at seven o'clock 
in the evening, on the first Wednesday in each month, 
from July to April inclusive, when an original 
paper on some subject connected with art is read 
and discussed. Each member has the privilege of 



120 INSTITUTION FOR FRACTICAL SCIENCE. 

introducing a friend to these meetings, which are 
frequently highly interesting. 

A conversazione is held once a quarter, at which 
works of excellence in every branch of art are exhi- 
bited, and to which artists have free admission, on 
application to a member of the council. 

In addition to the advantages at present afforded 
by this Society, the council are taking active mea- 
sures for forming a museum of models and casts, and 
for the establishment of honorary rewards for com- 
petition in various branches of art. 

A friendly intercourse is maintained with the 
Royal Institute of British Architects, London ; and 
members of this Society, visiting the great metro- 
polis, have free access to the rooms and meetings of 
the Institute, on applying to its secretary, and 
producing their tickets. Mr. J. W. Hance is the 
honorary secretary.* 

MANCHESTER INSTITUTION FOR THE ILLUSTRATION 
AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE, 

Is in progress of formation. Its objects are, 1. To 
provide a well-selected and ample collection of 
models and apparatus, calculated to illustrate the 
most important branches of the arts and manufac- 
tures, and for the display of experiments combining 
philosophical instruction with general entertainment. 
2. To afford facilities for demonstrating practically 
such elementary principles in mechanics, chemistry, 
and other departments of practical science, as admit 
of direct application to the useful arts. 3. To exhi- 
bit the progress which has been gradually making, 

* As a proof that this Society is not without its fruits, one 
of its members, Mr. E. Hall, still in his clerkship in an archi- 
tect's office, has carried off from all competitors throughout 
the kingdom, the medal of the Royal Institute of British Ar- 
chitects, by his prize essay on the Grecian and Roman styles 
of architecture. 



BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 121 

and which may still be made, in branches of know- 
lege subservient to productive industry. 4. To sti- 
mulate research, and foster inventive talent, by ho- 
norary or pecuniary rewards. 5. To furnish, like 
the Adelaide Gallery in London, such attractions to 
the junior members of the community, as would 
allure them to the acquisition of valuable knowledge, 
by affording them pleasure in the pursuit of it. 

The sum of £12,000 is about to be raised in 
shares, to carry out the above object, The offices 
of the Institution are at the corner of Cross-street, 
St. Ann- street. 

THE BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 

Was established in 1827. " The Botanic Gardens" 
are situate at Old Trafford, on the Stretford Road, 
and cover a space of sixteen statute acres in extent. 
The Society was formed for the purpose of encou- 
raging the study of botany and horticulture. There 
are in the summer season several exhibitions of fruits, 
flowers, plants, &c, in the Gardens, which are much 
frequented by visitors on such occasions. 

The income of the Botanical Society for the years 
1837-8 amounted to £1,443. The expenditure, 
owing to an extraordinary outlay, was £2,185. Of 
this sum £1,013 had been paid on account of the 
new conservatory and forcing houses. 

An annual subscription of two guineas entitles the 
subscriber to free admission to the Gardens, during 
the current year of his subscription, for himself and 
all the resident members of his family ; he is also 
entitled to introduce strangers, residing not less than 
ten miles from the Gardens, on payment by each 
stranger of one shilling for the use of the Society. 

The Gardens are very tastefully laid out in the 

ornamental style. There is an extensive arboretum, 

containing some fine specimens of various kinds of 

trees and shrubs, planted on the east, west, and south 

l2 



122 BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

sides of the Gardens ; such kinds only as are most 
conspicuous and interesting, being placed in more 
public situations. The plant houses and conserva- 
tory form a beautiful and imposing range of glass, 
three hundred and twenty-one feet in length, con- 
structed on the curvilinear plan by Messrs. Clarke 
and Jones, of Birmingham, and heated by hot water 
in large pipes. The conservatory is in the centre of 
the range, about forty feet high, with a spacious 
dome-shaped roof, terminating in a point. It seems 
firmly constructed, and has withstood the most severe 
hurricanes without a pane of glass being broken. 
The visitor will find here some very rare and beau- 
tiful plants from all quarters of the globe. The ba- 
nana (musa sapientum) is growing here with even 
more than tropical vigour. There are some fine spe- 
cimens of the plantain tree, (musa paradisiacaj, the 
sago palm, (cycas revoluta), the fern palm, (sabal 
blackbumiana), the torned leaved palm, (caryola 
urensj, the date palm, (phoenix dactyli/eraj, the 
cinnamon tree, (cinnamo?numverumJ, the elephant's 
foot plant, (Testudinaria elephantissisj, the India 
rubber plant, (ficus elasticaj, and the pitcher plant, 
(nepenthes distillatoria). There is also a choice 
assortment of New Holland and Cape plants, includ- 
ing banksia dryandras, the interesting Moreton 
B?y pine (aruacaria cunninghamia), and the Nor- 
folk bland pine (aruacaria excelsa). On the front 
lawn there is a splendid specimen of the aruacaria 
imbricata, from Chili. 

In the lower part of the Garden, advantage has been 
taken of some natural springs of water, to form an or- 
namental lake of considerable extent, which is highly 
picturesque in appearance. In one part it is crossed 
by a romantic-looking bridge, beyond which the vi- 
sitor finds himself in an Alpine region of miniature 
rocks and caverns. At the termination of the lake 
there is an extensive rockery, formed of tuffa from 



AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 123 

Derbyshire, which, when supplied with plants 
suitable to such a locality, will have a very interesting 
appearance. Behind the rockery is the rosarium, 
which is supplied with a great number of plants. 
Adjoining the rosarium the visitor will find a peach 
wall, covered with glass, two hundred and fifty feet 
in length, which, in the blooming season, presents 
a great attraction. This wall forms a part of the 
boundary of the fruit garden, in which there is 
a great variety of apples and pears, and specimens 
of the various methods of training wall and standard 
fruit trees. Within this enclosure there is a range 
of forcing houses, two hundred and forty-six feet in 
length. 

Before deciding upon the site of the Gardens, the 
directors, to secure a situation free from smoke, ap- 
plied to Dr. Dalton, who furnished them with the 
results of his experience on the course of the winds 
for a period of forty years. From these results, it was 
ascertained, that, dividing the year into ten equal 
portions of time, during seven of those portions the 
wind would blow directly from the present site to- 
wards the town, and that during only one of those 
periods would it blow from the town towards the 
Gardens, the westerly winds prevailing during seven- 
tenths of the year. 

The Botanic Garden of Oxford, through the me- 
dium of Dr. Daubeny, has been supplied with the 
duplicate seeds of this society. 

There are four hundred and forty hereditary mem- 
bers enrolled. Mr. S. E. Cottam, Brazennose-street, 
is the secretary of the society, and Mr. Campbell the 
curator. 

THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 

Was established in 1767 — before Manchester became 
the centre of a purely manufacturing district. It 
holds its meetings annually, generally in the month 



124 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

of October, on the occasion of which an exhibition 
is made of fat cattle, implements of husbandry, &c, 
and premiums awarded to deserving exhibitors. 
Prizes are also held out to farmers who can prove 
that they possess the best managed farms ; and agri- 
cultural servants, of long standing, are rewarded for 
good conduct. Lord Francis Egerton presided at 
the dinner which followed the last exhibition. Mr. 
Hampson, of High Legh, and Mr. Dixon, near Old- 
ham, are the secretaries. 

THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 

Is a society established for the purpose of exhibiting 
fruit, flowers, and plants ; and, in the proper seasons 
of the year, is a source of great attraction in the 
town. The exhibitions are usually held in the Corn 
Exchange. Prizes are awarded for the best speci- 
mens of the various productions. 

THE MANCHESTER SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION 
OF NATURAL HISTORY, 

Whose Museum is in Peter-street, was established 
in the year 1821, its foundation being a collection 
of British and foreign insects, collected by the late 
Lee Phillips, Esq. From this nucleus the collections 
were rapidly extended, especially in the department 
of foreign ornithology, as might be expected, from 
the opportunities afforded by the vicinity to Liver- 
pool. At the present time, the ornithological col- 
lection stands the first in the provinces of Britain, 
if not of Europe. The other departments are not 
so richly supplied. The collection of British insects 
is very large, and the foreign Lepidoptera and shells 
are far from despicable. The departments of geo- 
logy and British conchology are the most deficient, 
especially the latter ; but with such funds as the 
society possesses, it may, with good management, 
be made to rival some of the first metropolitan insti- 




E "111 ^©(SimT' 




- T © IE < 



NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 125 

tutions. Originally members were admitted by bal- 
lot, on payment of an annual subscription of £2 2s., 
and an admission fee of £10 10s. ; but the Institution 
has lately been materially modified. The admission 
fee has been made hereditary, the subscription lower- 
ed, and annual subscribers of £2 2s. and £1 Is., have 
been admitted, whilst on certain days the public 
are admitted on payment of one shilling. It is 
undoubtedly one of the most interesting Institutions 
of which the town can boast. 

The following regulations have been published by 
the Council : — 

The Museum is open to ladies and strangers every 
day (except Sunday, Christmas day, and Good Fri- 
day), on payment of one shilling each for admission. 

The hours of exhibition are from Nine a.m. to 
Six p.m., from the 1st March to the 1st November ; 
and fron Nine to Four during the remainder of the 
year. 

The Museum is also open to resident non-sub- 
scribers on the afternoon of Monday and Friday, 
from Twelve o'clock until the hour of closing, on an 
order signed by the Governor, and on payment of 
one shilling each. 

Boarding and day schools, and the working classes, 
will be admitted on payment of sixpence for each 
individual ; and Sunday schools, on payment of 
threepence each. A special application must in 
every case be made by letter to the secretaries, spe- 
cifying the number for whom admission is required. 

Tickets of admission are advertised to be sold at 
various places in town.* 

The last report of the Society, dated January, 
1839, states, that 

" The whole of these regulations were fully adver- 

* Among others, the printers of this volume, are appointed 
by the Council to sell them. 



126 NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 

tised, and the following amounts have been received 
for admissions, from the 16th Oct., 1838, the day of 
opening, to the 16th of January, 1839: — 
For 315 strangers' tickets £15 15 

" 40 to ladies and gentlemen of Man- 
chester 2 

" 15 to Sunday scholars 4 

£17 19 
being after the rate of about £70 per annum. 

Not one individual has applied for admission as 
being of the working class." 

" The Council feel it requisite to draw the attention 
of the Governors to the state of the income and ex- 
penditure of the Society. 

Previous to the alteration in the rules, 
the number of members was 41 6, 
whose subscriptions, at £2 2s., pro- 
duced , £873 12 

The current expenses of the Society for 
chief rent, interest, curator's salary, 
servants' wages, &c, amount, per 
annum, to about 650 

Thus there was a surplus, available to 

purchases, &c, of 223 12 0" 

The actual state of governors and subscribers, 
in January, 1839> was as follows : — 

Governors, 446. If the subscriptions 
should be reduced to £1 Is., they 

will produce £468 6 

Subscribers of £2 2s. per annum, 94.... 197 8 
Ditto of £1 Is. ditto, 7.... 7 7 

£673 1 

Captain Thomas Brown is the Curator of the 
Society. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



LIBRARIES, 
CHETHAM LIBRARY 

Is in the same building as Blue Coat Hospital, (see 
page 81) and, as the name imports, owes its origin 
to the same worthy gentleman. It consists of up- 
wards of twenty -five thousand volumes, and there is 
an annual provision for its augmentation. The 
inhabitants of the town are allowed free access 
to this Library, under certain regulations. It 
contains one of the best collections of books in the 
kingdom, and is very rich in old theology and anti- 
quities. It also possesses several valuable MSS. — 
The catalogue ; in three thick 8vo. volumes, may be 
purchased at the Library. 

The following excellent notice of Chetham Library 
is so complete and interesting, that we believe its 
insertion will prove acceptable : — 

The existence in a town like Manchester of a 
library, containing upwards of twenty-Jive thousand 
volumes, to which the public have the privilege of 
free access, is a fact which, we have sometimes 
thought, ought from time to time, somewhat oftener 
at least than once in a generation, to be brought pro- 
minently under the notice of the community ; that 
those who, from slender means, are unable sufficiently 
to gratify their love of reading — it may be, their thirst 
for knowledge. — may become acquainted with this 
means of doing so, without cost to themselves, There 
are probably many strangers in Manchester, sojourners 
here a while, as there are doubtless many new-comers 
now resident in the town, who may from these cir- 



128 CHETHAM LIBRARY. 

cumstances be unaware of the existence of this noble 
institution. That it is not more known may also be 
in some measure owing to its locality, in a part of 
the town, passed till of late years by no great tho- 
roughfare, save during the races at Kersal Moor. 
The secluded position, too, of the college or hospital, 
standing in a large area, apart from any buildings, 
and not fronting any street, tends still more to keep 
one of its chief treasures, its library, from the prac- 
tical view of the community. We say practical, be- 
cause we are quite aware that the building is visited 
by groups of people, chiefly from the country, and 
on holiday occasions, who go there merely to see a 
a few sharks' teeth, lizards, bows and arrows, &c, 
stuck against the walls, and of which they are fur- 
nished with an unconsciously ludicrous description, 
or naming, by one of the scholars of Chetham's Hos- 
pital, or free school, which is in another portion of 
the same edifice. The probability is, that not one 
in a hundred of such visitors has the slightest idea 
that the vast number of books by which he sees him- 
self surrounded, all carefully locked up in the cases, 
are accessible to him, or to any one ; the only re- 
quirement and restriction being, that he shall enter 
his name in a book kept for the purpose, read the 
books in the library during the prescribed hours, and 
return each to the librarian before he quits the li- 
brary. We have perhaps said enough to shew that 
this library is not so well known, or at least made so 
extensively available, as it ought to be. 

The Rev. J. RadclhTe's catalogue of the Chetham 
Library (1791) forms two thick octavo volumes, each 
being appropriated to one part of the library. A 
short summary of the classes and divisions of the 
works, without entering into the subdivisions of their 
classification, will suffice to show in what branches 
of science, art, and letters, the library at that time 
was most richly abundant. The first volume of the 



CHETHAM LIBRARY. 129 

catalogue comprises the three great classes, theology, 
jurisprudence, and history. In theology, the first 
division is assigned to the Holy Scriptures, includ- 
ing polyglot and various editions and translations, 
ancient and modern ; altogether (including 25 com- 
mentaries, indices, and lexicons), 123 works or 
copies. The second division comprises interpreta- 
tions and commentaries, rabbinical writings, &c. ; 
in all, 512 works, some of them exceedingly curious. 
The third division includes the works of the fathers, 
and other ecclesiastical writings ; in all, 237. The 
fourth division is appropriated to canonical and pon- 
tifical law, the councils, &c, and contains 136 works. 
The fifth to liturgies, to which 91 works relate. The 
sixth, to the writings of the schoolmen and dogma- 
tists, 85 in number. The seventh, to miscellaneous 
theological writings, under various subdivisions, in- 
cluding church discipline, sacraments, theological 
systems, theological philosophy, books relating to 
piety and moral reformation, homilies, sermons, con- 
troversial writings, &c. ; 740 works. Thus the class 
theology includes 1,920 works. — The second class, 
jurisprudence, including the ancient Greek and Ro- 
man works, translations and treatises thereon, and 
commentaries on the English, Irish, and Scotch laws, 
decisions, &c, 303 works. — The third class is 
history ; the first division of which, geography, in- 
cludes 168 works ; chronology, 34 ; heraldry, ge- 
nealogy, &c, 37 ; politics, 36 ; universal history, 
57 ; sacred or ecclesiastical history, 333 ; ancient 
history, 147 ; and history, as relating to Italy, 
France, Spain, and Portugal, Belgium, Germany, 
the Northern European States, Asia, Africa, and 
America, England, Scotland, and Ireland, 725 works. 
Antiquities and inscriptions are treated of in 67 
works ; and numismatics, including monies, mea- 
sures and weights, in 98 ; making a total in this 
class of 1,920 works ; and in this part or volume of 

M 



130 CHETHAM LIBRARY. 

the catalogue, a total of 3,930 works, and, of course, 
of more than double that number of volumes. 

The second part or volume of the catalogue con- 
sists of the classes of sciences and arts, and " Literce 
Humaniores" — the last, including philology, the 
classics (ancient and modern), and manuscripts. In 
the class of sciences and arts, the numeral propor- 
tions of the works are somewhat amusing ; thus in 
philosophy there are 145 ; in mathematics (includ- 
ing geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, and astro- 
logy!), 301 ; optics, 26 ; mechanics, 18; music, 9 ; 
the arts, 45 ; the military art, 20 ; the naval art, 10 ; 
pictures, sculpture, and engravings, 58 ; architec- 
ture, 32 ; arts, graphic, and typographic (writing 
and printing), 17 ; medicine, 383 ; physics, or na- 
tural philosophy, 92 ; universal natural history, 34 ; 
natural history of particular regions, 29 ; mineralogy, 
37 ; the history of animals, — quadrupeds, birds, 
amphibious creatures, fishes, shell fish, &c, and in- 
sects, 109 works ; chemistry, 17 ; and botany, 218. 
The total number of works in the class science and 
arts is 1,609. In the next class "Literce Huma- 
niores? the division of philology embraces 184 
works ; classic authors, 788. [Of this class, there 
are 105 works of the Greek poets, orators, and phi- 
losophers ; 390 of the Latin poets, historians, orators, 
rhetoricians, and philosophers, including disserta- 
tions on classic authors ; 49 on criticism, various 
reading, &c. ; 13 on mythology; 17 on the fables 
of the Romans; introductions to the art of poetry, 
12 ; recent poets, Greek and Latin and Asiatic, with 
Spanish and German poets and writers, 1 8 ; mo- 
dern Italian poets, 31 ; English, 50; French, 12; 
various works in Latin, Italian, French, and English 
polygraphy, &c, 9L] The next and most curious 
division in this class is the manuscripts, of which 
some are of singular beauty, others are valuable for 
the local records and information which they con- 



CHETHAM LIBRARY. 131 

tain, and others again are interesting, as being the 
originals of some published works of celebrity. 

The divisions above noticed give a total in the 
class " Liter ce Humaniores" of 1,000 works. The 
second and last part or volume of this catalogue 
contains 2,793 works ; and the two volumes or parts 
of the catalogue (of 1791) include 6,723 works, in 
one or more volumes. 

A third volume or part, also called the first sup- 
plement to the catalogue, was compiled, and indexes 
added by " Gulielmus Parr Greswell," and this vo- 
lume was printed in 1 826. It contains the titles, 
&c, of the works added to the library during the 
thirty-four or thirty-five years since the publication 
of the catalogue of Mr. Radclifie. These additions 
appear to be : — Theology, 214 works ; jurispru- 
dence, 29 ; history, 363 ; science and arts, 327 ; 
liter (B humaniores, 289 ; oriental literature, 33 ; 
and manuscripts, 151. Of these manuscripts 16 are 
oriental ; and as there are no orientalists in this 
neighbourhood, the subjects even of some of them 
are only given conjecturally in the catalogue. 
Twelve other manuscripts were purchased of the 
executors of the late Mr. Thomas Barritt, and these 
chiefly relate to pedigrees and genealogies of Lan- 
cashire and Cheshire families, surveys of estates, 
sketches of ancient residences, &c. 

The total in this volume of the class Literce Hu- 
maniores (including 33 works of oriental literature, 
and 151 MSS.) is 473; and the total number of 
works in this supplement of 1826 appears to be 
1,306; thus exhibiting a total in the three volumes 
now forming the printed catalogue, of 8,029 works. 
The third volume contains a separate index to eaoh 
volume of the catalogue, arranged, alphabetically, 
by the authors' names. 

The apportionment of the 8,000 works in the 
printed catalogue would appear to be as follows : — 



132 OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. 

Theology, 2,134; jurisprudence, 337; history, 2,283; 
science and arts, 1,936 ; letters (including 195 ma- 
nuscripts), 1,489. 

All the books added to the library within the last 
eleven or twelve years (since the publication of the 
supplementary catalogue of 1826) are entered in a 
book kept for that purpose, by the librarian. This 
book resembles the index to a ledger, in order to 
preserve the alphabetical arrangement, and it is not 
easy to estimate the number of works which have been 
added to the library within this period. It may be 
sufficient to observe that many of them are very 
valuable, some scarce, and others so costly that they 
can only find a place in the libraries of the wealthy 
noble or commoner, or in such public institutions as 
the one under notice. Of such character are the 
works on art, collections of eugravings, &c, and 
illustrated works, as that of M. Agassiz on fossil 
fishes, &c* 

A memorial having been presented to the feoffees 
of Chetham college, at their annual meeting on 
Easter Monday, 1839, requesting them to extend 
the hours of reading in the library, that body kindly 
acceded to the request, and the library is now open 
from six to eight o'clock every evening, except on 
Saturday. As this boon was applied for on behalf 
of the working classes, and has been granted for 
their especial instruction, it is to be hoped that a 
numerous portion will avail themselves of so great 
a benefit. 

The present librarian is the Rev. Campbell Grey 
Hulton, M.A. ; the deputy-librarian (appointed in 
1835), Mr. John Shelmerdine. 

THE MANCHESTER OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY, 

In Ducie Place, claims notice. This Library 
was established in 1765. From a report, published 
in 1769, the following is an extract : — 

* Manchester Guardian, October 10, 1838. 



OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. 133 

" The Scheme for Establishing a Circulating Li- 
brary in Manchester, has met with such Approbation 
and Encouragement from the Public, that it is now 
become an Object of considerable Importance. A 
numerous and valuable Collection of Books agreeable 
to the following Cataloguehas already been purchased : 
In the Choice of them a constant Attention has been 
paid to the different Tastes of Readers, and the ut- 
most care has been taken to fix upon such as would 
be generally agreeable and useful ; and the number 
of Subscribers are so greatly increased since the com- 
mencement of the Society in the Year 1765, that it 
is hoped they will not only have an Opportunity of 
procuring every modern Publication which is worthy 
of Notice, but will in Time be able to enrich their 
Collection with the most valuable Productions in the 
English Language." 

The catalogue published in 1769 contains 622 
.distinct works in various departments of literature. 
The " Novels and Books of Entertainment" occupy 
only thirty-four numbers, from 564 to 598, and 
comprise a collection of works of the " Clarissa Har- 
lowe" class. An old copy of this catalogue, in the 
possession of the present librarian, contains prefixed, 
what is presumed to be the cost of the several works 
in the catalogue. The total sum amounts to £298. 
The number of subscribers in 1769 was 203. The 
same catalogue contains the following " Law and 
Regulation :" — 

" That every Person who becomes a Subscriber, 
and pays two Guineas Purchase Money at Entrance 
as a supply for raising a Sufficient Stock of Books, 
and six Shillings annually to support and carry on 
the design, shall be deemed a Proprietor, be entitled 
to a Share in the Stock, and have an equal Power, 
by Vote or otherwise, in directing all Affairs rela- 
tive to it." 

Since the period alluded to this Library has been 
M 2 



134 NEW SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY, &C. 

steadily progressing in the accession of books, and 
the present number it contains is nearly twenty thou- 
sand volumes of valuable literature, in every depart- 
ment of knowledge. The number of subscribers in 
1831 was about four hundred. The value of a share 
is nearly ten guineas (originally one guinea), and the 
annual subscription is twenty shillings. Mr. Bam- 
ford is the librarian, at a salary of one hundred pounds 
per annum. The following are the hours during 
which the Library is open : — 

TuesdY' I Morning, 10 to 1 ; Aftern. 4 to 7. 
Wednesday, 10 to 1, morning, only. 

Frlda 8 ^ 7 ' |^ Mornin g> 10 to 1 ; Aftern. 4 to 7. 
Saturday, Morning, 10 to 4 in the Afternoon. 

THE NEW MANCHESTER SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY 

Is situate in Exchange Buildings, the entrance being 
from the Exchange-street door. This Library was 
established about forty years ago, in Broom-street, 
Withy Grove. It contains about twelve thousand 
volumes. The proprietors' tickets are worth five 
guineas each. The subscription is twenty shillings 
per annum. Mr. Kemp is the librarian. 

THE LIBRARY FOR PROMOTING GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 

Is situate in Newall's Buildings, Market-street. This 
Library, which was established in 177 1? and revived 
in 1802, contains about ten thousand volumes. A 
proprietor's ticket is worth about three pounds, 
The subscription is sixteen shillings annually. Mr. 
M'Gaffie is the librarian. 



Besides the above, there are, in Manchester and 
Salford, various public Circulating Libraries, from 
which non-subscribers may obtain volumes for peru- 



LIBRARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. 135 

sal. In addition to these, it may be proper to 
remark, that the Portico, the Athenaeum, the va- 
rious Mechanics' Institutions, and Lyceums, each 
possess libraries, some of which are very extensive. 
Of course, members only have access to them. 



CHAPTER IX. 



CLUBS. 



THE UNION CLUB HOUSE 

Is an elegant modern stone building, erected after a 
design by Mr. Lane. In internal arrangements, this 
establishment is surpassed by few of the clubs in 
London. The number of members is limited to 
400 ; and their admission is by ballot, one black 
ball in five excluding. On the event of a vacancy, 
there are numerous applications for admission. The 
entrance fee is forty guineas, and the annual sub- 
scription five guineas. The affairs of the club are 
managed by a committee of twenty-one. The prin- 
cipal merchants, bankers, and professional gentle- 
men, are its proprietors and members. Many gentle- 
men, who have been compelled, by the encroach- 
ment of commercial buildings, to take up their 
abode in the country, doubtless appreciate the 
comforts of an establishment in town, conducted 
with all the regularity, and enjoying all the ex- 
clusiveness, of a private dwelling. The dining-room, 
on the ground floor, is a noble apartment, in 
which as many as 120 members frequently dine. 
The tea-rooms, and the breakfast-rooms, and the 
drawing-room, are on the first floor ; as well as 
several dining-rooms for private parties. The story 
immediately above is occupied by sleeping apart- 
ments and dressing-rooms. The whole of the rooms 
are elegantly furnished, and have an air of substan- 
tiality, unincumbered with unmeaning or unneces- 
sary ornament. For each of the dining-rooms there 
is provided a separate service of plate. There are 
a good library and reading-room on the ground 



THE ALBION CLUB. 137 

floor, and a billiard-room and cigar saloon on the 
first floor. Adjoining the sleeping-rooms are warm 
and shower baths. 

In the various apartments the utmost order is ob- 
served, and the quietness of a private house is strictly 
preserved. 

The bill of fare, as to charges, is regulated by the 
committee, as in fact is every other charge, whether 
for wine or beds. Members, therefore, know be- 
forehand exactly what will be the amount of ex- 
penses they incur. The club was established in 
1825, and is situated in Mosley-street. Mr. G. E. 
Marsden is the honorary secretary. 

THE ALBION CLUB, 

Situate in King-street, is an institution of a kindred 
character with the preceding. It was opened in 
March, 1837. According to the printed rules, it 
consists of 300 members, who each pay a subscrip- 
tion of five guineas annually, and twenty-five guineas 
on admission. Candidates are balloted for. Twenty 
members at least must ballot, and one black ball in 
four excludes. The affairs of the club are managed 
by a committee. Mr. Sale is the honorary secre- 
tary. 



CHAPTER X. 



AMUSEMENTS, ETC. 
THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. 

These delightful Gardens are upwards of fifteen 
acres in extent, and are situate at Higher Brough- 
ton, about a mile and a half from the Exchange, on 
the New Bury Road. Non-subscribers are admitted 
without tickets, on payment of one shilling each. 
The Gardens have only been recently formed, but 
they are rich in animals ; and the position of their 
site, with the tasteful manner in which the land is 
laid out and adorned with the products of the vege- 
table kingdom, render them one of the most at- 
tractive objects in the neighbourhood. It would be 
out of place here to give a catalogue of the animals, 
as a descriptive account may be purchased for a 
trifle at the Gardens; but the subjoined plan, and 
the references, may be useful to those who pay only 
a hasty visit to them : — 

REFERENCES TO THE PLAN. 



A. 


Entrance Lodges. 


M. 


Polar Bears' Den and Bath 


B. 


Menagerie for Carniverous 


N. 


Pelicans' Pond 




Animals. 


0. 


Dahlia Bed. 


C. 


Monkey- House. 


P. 


Flower Garden. 


D. 


Aviary for the Gallinaceous 


Q. 


Terrace. 




Birds. 


R, 


Moveable Cages. 


E 


Aviary for Foreign Birds. 


S. 


Winter Repository and 


F. 


Elephant's House. 




Store Rooms. 


G. 


Maze, or Labyrinth. 


T. 


Garden Curator's House. 


H. 


Bears' Pit. 


U. 


Keeper's House. 


I. 


Eagles' Aviary. 


X. 


Geological Museum. 


K. 


Refreshment House. 


Y. 


Archery Ground. 


L. 


Lake. 


Z. 


Rockery. 






I 






I 



?-■ 






EL, 






. 









I 



SEW El'ET lOAB 



NEW CONCERT HALL. 139 

At the second annual meeting of the Society it 
was stated, that since the opening of the Gardens, 
in the spring of 1838, to the month of October, in 
the same year, inclusive, there were about forty-two 
thousand admissions, at one shilling each, which 
produced, within a fraction, the sum of £2,100, 
Besides this source of income, the Society receives 
annual subscriptions to the amount of £500. The 
town offices of the Society are in King-street. 
Mr. Looney is the secretary, and Mr. Mearns is the 
botanical curator. 

THE NEW CONCERT HALL, 

Lower Mosley-street, corner of St. Peter's Square, 
is a modern erection. The exterior presents nothing 
very remarkable ; but the internal arrangements 
are fitted up with a splendour which is in accordance 
with the musical spirit for which Manchester is cele- 
brated. There are about six hundred subscribers at 
five guineas, who, besides their own, have each 
two tickets, which are transferable to ladies, or 
to gentlemen residing twelve miles distant. So great 
is the number of applications for admission as mem- 
bers, that as many as two hundred names are usually 
on the books ; and persons have frequently to wait 
several years before their chance by rotation arrives, 
the members being limited in number. 

To gratify the critical taste of Manchester, which 
is admitted to be of a high order, the first talent is 
always engaged. The orchestra consists of about 
fifty performers. Admittance to the Concerts is not 
purchaseable, and no person can enter except by a 
subscriber's ticket. There is no fixed evenings of per- 
formance, the Concerts being regulated according to 
the opportunity which may be presented of obtaining 
metropolitan professional talent, Mr. T. W. Win- 
stanley, York-street, is the honorary secretary. 



140 GLEE CLUB, AND CHORAL SOCIETY. 

THE GENTLEMAN'S GLEE CLUB, 

Established 1830, holds its meetings the first Thurs- 
day evening of each month, from September to 
April inclusive, at the club room, Ladyman's Hotel, 
Bridge-street : the hour of assembling is half-past 
seven. It consists of eighty members, besides those 
who are honorary, among whom the names of the 
first musical composers in England are to be found. 

Prizes are occasionally offered for glee composi- 
tion, which are open to general competition. 

The main object of the society is the encourage- 
ment of native talent, whether amateur or profes- 
sional. It is generally admitted that there is no 
musical club out of London that, for excellence, can 
be placed in comparison with the Manchester Glee 
Club. 

Strangers admitted only by the introduction of 
members. 

The prize glees, for which the society gives an- 
nual premiums, become the property of the club. 
Mr. H. B. Peacock, of St. Ann's-square, is the 
honorary secretary. 



Besides the society just noticed, there are several 
other glee clubs in Manchester and the neighbour- 
hood, some of which include, amongst other mem- 
bers, both amateur and professional vocalists, of 
considerable talent. Our limits preclude us from 
noticing them separately ; but all give evidence of 
the rapidly growing taste for this species of English 
musical composition. 



THE MANCHESTER CHORAL SOCIETY 

Holds its meetings in the Royal Institution, Mosley- 
street. This society was established in 1833, by a 
few gentlemen, lovers of music, who, at first, had no 
other object in view but the formation of an amateur 



CHORAL SOCIETY. 141 

choral club, and, therefore, the members were limited 
to the small number of thirty. It was soon found, 
however, that the original intention could not, with 
" harmony," be carried into effect, as the solicitations 
for membership both from amateurs and professional 
gentlemen were numerous and importunate. It 
was, therefore, determined to throw the club open, 
and to admit any candidate, whether musical or not, 
who, on being balloted for, had the votes of two- 
tb irds of the members present. The number of mem- 
bers which at the present time is about 200, together 
with nearly as many candidates for admission, show 
how much this act of disinterestedness has been appre- 
ciated. The object of the society is the promotion 
of choral and concerted music. Ever since the for- 
mation of the society, it has been considered, by the 
committee, best to confine the accompaniment of the 
music to the organ : their desire being to form a 
school for the improvement of the choirs of the 
neighbourhood. All the members of the choir are 
singers engaged at churches and chapels. Not con- 
sidering itself as a mere vehicle of amusement, but as 
a school of music, the society claims a high rank. 
Owing to the liberality of many musical gentlemen, 
it possesses a most valuable and extensive library of 
music. The choir consists of upwards of eighty 
voices ; and nothing more sublime can be conceived 
than the magnificent effect of the choruses in the 
compositions of Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and other 
great masters. On a public night upwards of 500 
persons have been present ; each member having, 
in addition to his own, two tickets, which are trans- 
ferable to ladies, strangers, and minors. Gentlemen 
residing within a distance of five miles, are entitled 
once (only) each season, to the privilege of a stranger. 
The season of the society commences in September ; 
and after the necessary rehearsals, public perfor- 
mances are given until the month of May following. 

N 



142 THEATRES AND THE ASSEMBLY ROOM, 

Members have the privilege of attending rehearsals. 
The society is much indebted to the organist, Mr. 
Wilkinson, who has laboured gratuitously, ever since 
its formation, with the most praiseworthy zeal. Mr. 
R. D. Jones is the honorary secretary. 

THE THEATRES. 

There are two Theatres in Manchester, one the 
Theatre Royal, under a patent, in Fountain-street ; 
and the other, the Minor Theatre, in Spring Gardens. 
The buildings present uninteresting exteriors ; but the 
interior of the Theatre Royal is large and commo- 
dious, and at the commencement of the season of 
1838-9 it was handsomely fitted up and decorated. 
The surrounding edifices are occupied mostly as 
warehouses, so that these buildings appear as 
obtruders upon the commercial character of their 
neighbours. 

The Minor Theatre, at the commencement of 1 839, 
was converted by Mr. Ducrow into an arena for eques- 
trian performances. On great public occasions, such 
as the election dinners given to the late John Thos. 
Hope, Esq., a conservative candidate for the repre- 
sentation of this borough ; and to Mark Philips, 
Esq., and the Right Hon. Charles Poulett Thomson, 
its present representatives ; and a dessert, on the 
occasion of a large meeting in reference to the sub- 
ject of national education, the Theatre Royal has 
been used as a banquetting-hall. This Theatre was 
also the scene, at the musical festival of 1836, of 
the most splendid fancy dress ball perhaps ever 
known in the provinces, when upwards of five thou- 
sand persons, in fancy costumes, thronged its area. 

THE ASSEMBLY ROOM 

In Mosley-street, opposite the Portico, is in a dark 
looking brick building, which has nothing whatever in 



MANCHESTER RACES, 143 

appearance to recommend it. The room is patronised 
by the highest grades of the community ; but in conse- 
quence of the removal of many Manchester families 
into the country, its support has fallen off considerably. 
In the same building is a room occupied as a club-room, 
frequented principally by gentlemen out of business, 
and by clergymen and professional men. The ex- 
pense of the building was upwards of £6,000. It was 
built in 1792. At the last musical festival, the As- 
sembly Room, by the erection of a wooden gallery, 
was made to communicate with the Theatre Royal, 
so as to accommodate the subscribers to the fancy 
dress ball. 

THE MANCHESTER RACES 

Are held on Kersal Moor, about two and half miles 
from Manchester, in Whitsun-week every year. They 
were established in 1730, and in 1735,* were discon- 
tinued for some years. Dr. Byrom,f the celebrated 

* Wheeler's Manchester. 

t Dr. Byrom must have written against the races previously 
to the year 1733, for in this year there was published, by the 

Rev. Cattell, M, A. of the Collegiate Church, in reply 

to Dr. Byrom, a tract, entitled " Remarks upon the Serious 
Dissuasive from an intended subscription for continuing the 
Races, &c. with a Serious Dissuasive word or two to the 
Dissuader." Mr. Cattell defends the races, and uncharitably 
attributes to Dr. Byrom motives that are akin to those ridi- 
culed by Butler, in his satirical poem of Hudibras. Mr. 
Cattell's pamphlet, though full of wrong sentiment, is valua- 
ble, as furnishing, incidently, an account of the low moral 
condition of the country at that period. He states that the 
" Dissuader'' might have found a subject more obnoxious than 
horse-racing, "to display his talent upon," " when," he con- 
tinues, " our cities swarm with intemperance, lewdness, and 
debauchery, and our presses groan with atheistical and im- 
moral authors. When fraud, violence, and corruption are 
countenanced by such powerful numbers, and authorised by 
such high examples, as to give a kind of sanction to vice and 
injustice. When blasphemy and profaneness stalk barefaced in 



144 HEATON PARK RACES. 

inventor of a system of stenography, a native of 
Kersal, made strong attempts to put them down, and 
wrote a pamphlet containing a very urgent dissuasive 
against attending them. 

These races are more celebrated for the vast 
number of persons attending them from all the 
neighbouring districts, than from the choice des- 
cription of the sport, or the aristocratic character of 
the visitors. Some years as many as 1 00,000 persons 
have congregated round the course. 

HEATON PARK RACES 

Are of a somewhat different character, being after 
the model of Goodwood, and are held in the Park of 
the Earl of Wilton, about three miles north of Man- 
chester. Admission is had only for equestrians, or 
parties in vehicles, and by ticket only from his lord- 
ship's steward. 

our streets, and men shall even dare to curse their God and 
look upward. When hell, with all its honors, is despised as 
a mere ignis fatuus, and heaven exploded as a fool's para- 
dise. When eternity is drolled upon as the drowsy dream of 
lazy divines, Christianity ridiculed as a shallow inconsistent 
fiction, and the Divine Founder treated as an ignominious 
impostor.'' "Among these," continues Mr. Cattell, "our 
Dissuader" might have chosen an adversary, &c. &c. 

The low state of morality in England, in the early part of 
the 18th century, is alluded to in strong terms by Southey, in 
his " Colloquies on the progress and prospects of Society.'' 










, : ji2:: 



fc 







CHAPTER XI. 



TOWNS OFFICES, BUILDINGS, AND PUBLIC COMPANIES, 
MARKETS, FAIRS, &C. &C. 

THE TOWN HALL, 

King-street, is a handsome stone building, the foun- 
dation of which was laid in 1822, It was erected 
from a design by the late Mr. Goodwin, at a 
cost, including land and furnishing, of upwards 
of £40,000. There is in it every convenience for 
the public business of the town. The Police office 
occupies one end, and the gas and comptroller's 
offices are in another part of it. There is a large 
room in the centre of the building, 130 feet long 
and 38 feet wide,, in which public meetings, exhibi- 
tions, and bazaars, are frequently held. This room 
is decorated with a variety of pictorial embellish- 
ments, in fresco painting, by Mr. Aglio, the au- 
thor of "Mexican Antiquities." The dome, at 
the end towards the east, or Cheapside, represents 
an allegorical commemoration of the termination of 
the contest with Napoleon. The painting over the 
chimney-piece, at the same end, represents the meet- 
ing of Lord Macartney and the Emperor of China. 
The painting opposite the fire-place is the represen- 
tation of the King of Persia giving audience to a 
deputation from England, on the subject of trade. 
The dome, at the cupola end, is adorned with another 
allegory, relating to the British empire. The paint- 
ing opposite the fire-place, at the same end, is a re- 
presentation of Sebastian Cabot's landing on the 
American continent. The dome, in the centre of 
the room is devoted to representations of the heathen 
n 2 



146 TOWN HALLS, &C. 

divinities, and to personifications of the four cardi- 
nal virtues. The long frieze over the window is 
descriptive of the argonautic expedition said to have 
taken place 1263, B. C. 

This handsome building is not in the best situa- 
tion for showing itself to advantage ; although of 
late years its approaches have been considerably im- 
proved. The widening of King-street in front of 
it (still in progress) has, in some measure, relieved 
it from its former obscurity. 

SALFORD TOWN HALL 

Is situate in Chapel-street, Salford. It is a neat 
building of stone, of modern date, after a design by 
Mr. Lane, and is found to be conveniently arranged 
for the purposes for which it was intended. The 
Salford police office occupies one portion of the 
building. Other portions of it are occupied by the 
offices of the guardians and overseers of the poor, 
the clerks to the commissioners of police, &c. The 
Hall contains a large room, frequently used for the 
purposes of large public meetings. It may be en- 
gaged for lectures, concerts, &c. 

CHORLTON-UPON-MEDLOCK TOWN HALL 

Is situate in Cavendish-street, in the township. It 
is built of stone, and is from a chaste and pleasing 
design by Mr. Lane. Part of this building is occu- 
pied as the Dispensary ; the other portion is oc- 
cupied by the officers of the township, municipal 
and parochial. 

THE CHURCHWARDENS' OFFICES 

Are situate in Fountain-street. In them the busi- 
ness connected with the relief of the poor for the 
township of Manchester is conducted. Mr. Lings 
is the comptroller. 




WfUBm 



; 



- 







: &S) :"■ ". V: :':..,.. ':■ _. : . 



MANCHESTER AND SALFORD GAS WORKS. 147 
THE MANCHESTER GAS WORKS 

Are the property of the town, and the profits are 
applied towards its improvement. Annually, large 
sums derived from this source are expended in 
widening streets, or making new thoroughfares, &c. 
There are several depots of gas, and stations for making 
it. The principal manufacturing station is at Colly- 
hurst, and the principal depot is in Water-street, 
near St. Mary's Church. The Manchester Gas 
Works were established in 1817 ; the Gas Act was 
obtained in 1824. The amount of capital invested 
in the works is £194,000. The quantity of gas made 
last year was 1 64 millions of cubic feet. The original 
price of gas was 14s. 6d. per 1 000 cubic feet ; the pre- 
sent price is 7s. There are main pipes of three-inch 
diameter and upwards, to the extent of eighty two 
miles, to convey the gas through the town. These 
pipes extend from the extremity of the township of 
Newton on the east, to the Toll Bar on the Stretford 
Road on the west ; and from the boundary of the 
township of Chorlton-upon-Medlock on the south, 
to the extremity of the Township of Cheetham on 
the north. 

The establishment is under the control of a Board 
of thirty Directors, ten of whom are annually chosen 
from the Commissioners of Police. Comptroller, 
Mr. Thomas Wroe, Town Hall, King-street. 

THE SALFORD GAS WORKS. 

These works are situate in Lamb-lane, near the 
centre of the Township, and are the property of the 
leypayers. They were erected in 1835, under an 
Act of Parliament ; capital £20,000. The profits 
are appropriated to the improvement of the town, 
the extension of the works, and the liquidation of the 
debt. The quantity of gas made last year was twenty 



148 WATER WORKS COMPANY. 

six millions of cubic feet; the price, 8s. per 1000 
cubic feet. 

There is only one station connected with these 
works, for the manufacture, &c. of the gas. . Most of 
the manufactories and shops, and many private houses 
are supplied with this light. The township of Pen- 
dleton is also supplied with gas from these works. 

The main pipes are about eight and a half miles in 
extent, varying from two to twelve inches in diameter. 

These works are managed by a Board of Directors 
or Committee, chosen annually from the general body 
of commissioners, consisting of the boroughreeve 
and constables, and twenty one burgesses. Mr. John 
Chadwick is the Manager. 

THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD WATER WORKS 
COMPANY 

Was established in 1808, by several persons, who, 
trading together as copartners in the business of 
stone pipe manufacturing, determined to form a 
water works company, and to apply for an act of 
parliament to enable them, under its provisions, to 
supply the towns of Manchester and Salford with 
water. The intended company, made an agree- 
ment with Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., Lord of the 
Manor of Manchester, and owner of an ancient 
water works in the town, to purchase from him 
his right, privilege, and property of supplying 
the town with water, and also all the aqueducts, 
reservoirs, machinery, main pipes, &c, connected 
with such supply. Subsequently, the present com- 
pany, under the title of " The Company of Proprie- 
tors of the Manchester and Salford Water Works," 
obtained an Act of Parliament, and to this company 
the stone pipe company alluded to, transferred by sale, 
their right of supplying the towns of Manchester and 
Salford. 

The Manchester and Salford Water Works Com- 



WATER WORKS COMPANY. 149 

pany have, at various times, obtained powers to 
extend their works into the several contiguous town- 
ships of Huhne, Chorlton Row, Ardwick, Newton, 
Cheetham, Broughton, Pendleton, Beswick, Brad- 
ford, Droylsden, Openshaw, Audenshaw, Gorton, 
and Denton. 

The first reservoirs and works established by this 
company, were situate in the township of Beswick ; 
but in the year 1823, the company obtained an Act 
of Parliament to form, in addition, very large reser- 
voirs in the township of Gorton. To convey the water 
through the towns, pipes of stone were first laid down ; 
but these being found incapable of sustaining the pres- 
sure of the fluid, they were abandoned, and iron pipes 
were substituted. The surface of the water in the 
service reservoir, at Beswick, is about 110 feet above 
the height of the Old Bridge,* in Manchester ; that 
at Gorton is about 140 feet above that level. The 
water is supplied to many thousands of tenants, and is 
admitted to be of excellent quality, having been 
frequently tested by some of the first chemists of the 
present day, and by them, pronounced to be the best 
water, for general purposes, that can be procured in 
this neighbourhood. 

The length of the iron mains laid down is upwards 
of seventy miles. The daily consumption of water 
is the enormous amount of 1,400,000 gallons, or 
thereabouts. The Railway Companies are supplied 
by the Water Works Company, with large quantities 
of water for the use of their locomotive engines, and 
it is found to answer their purpose much better than 
any other water that can be procured. The Liver- 
pool and Manchester Railway Company, with which 
is connected the supply for the Grand Junction 
Railway Company, consume, at this time, for their 



* Recently taken down, and the Victoria Bridge erected 
in its stead. 



150 FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 

engines, nearly 30,000 gallons of water daily. Many 
persons take the Company's Water for their engine 
boilers, on account of its possessing the peculiar 
quality, as regards its influence upon iron, of anti- 
corrosion, which property effects a considerable sav- 
ing, not only in the preservation of the boilers, but 
in the consumption of coals. The character of the 
water may be stated as being pure and soft, and free 
from any mineral impregnation. 

The Water Works Company place fire plugs at 
convenient distances in those streets through which 
the pipes pass. These plugs have frequently been 
of great service in cases of fire. It often happens 
that the water may be played from one of them on 
the top story of a building without the aid of a fire 
engine : this was the case at a fire which occurred a 
short time ago in Miller-street, when a factory, the 
oldest in the town, erected by Mr. Arkwright and 
others, was destroyed. The great resources of 
water this company possesses, which are available to 
the inhabitants of all the main roads leading out of 
Manchester, make it a matter of surprise that the 
wealthy inhabitants of the suburbs, do not, more 
frequently, avail themselves of the • means thus 
afforded them of decorating their villas, by the 
erection of fountains. Mr. Paton is the Company's 
Superintendent. 

MANCHESTER POLICE FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 

Engines, Apparatus, &c. 

This establishment is perhaps the most effective in 
the kingdom. Connected with it there are seven 
engines, four of them with cylinders nine inches 
diameter, each made in this town, on a new prin- 
ciple, and of very superior construction. The 
cylinders of the others vary from five to eight inches 
diameter. 



FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 151 

Each engine is equipped with 270 feet of leather 
hose pipes, two branch pipes, two ladders (which 
can be jointed together in case of need), two axes, 
two saws, two crowbars, two wrenches, and eight 
buckets. There are eighteen iron stakes four feet 
long, 1 50 yards of rope attached to them of various 
lengths, for the purpose of being fixed in front of 
premises on fire to keep off the crowd. 

A mounted water-barrel, holding 260 gallons, is 
constantly kept filled, to be taken out with the en- 
gine, for the purpose of affording a supply of water 
until it can be obtained from the Water Works 
Company's mains. One horse is kept in readiness, 
day and night, to take out an engine. Other horses 
are hired when necessary. 

There is also a fire-escape upon a new construction, 
and much approved of, capable of being elevated to 
a height of forty feet. It will enable the branchmen 
of two engines (if necessary) to play in perfect 
security upon a level with rooms, of any height, not 
exceeding forty feet, which may happen to be on fire, 
and great advantage is derived from having, by 
this means, the branchmen so placed as to enable 
them to play with precision on the flame. A des- 
cription of this fire-escape will be found in the Me- 
chanics' Magazine of April, 1833, No. 507. 

Superintendence. 

The superintendent, when at fires, has the entire 
management of the firemen and engines, and is also 
empowered to employ any number of assistants he 
considers necessary. The present superintendent, 
to whom the merit is due of the very efficient state 
of this department, is Mr. Wm. Rose. 

Firemen. 

There are forty-four firemen, who are furnished 
gratuitously once in two years, with a hat and suit 



152 FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 

of clothes, which are allowed to be worn only when 
on duty. Each fireman has a board over his house 
door, painted with the words " Police Fireman." 

The watchmen are acquainted with the address of 
each fireman, and it is their duty, on an alarm of 
fire, to call up every fireman on their respective 
rounds. One engine can thus be turned out with its 
complement of men in five minutes, and the whole 
establishment, after an alarm is given, in fifteen mi- 
nutes. The firemen are required to attend monthly, 
or oftener, if the superintendent think it necessary, in 
their uniforms, at the Police Yard, to work the en- 
gines, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of the 
pipes ; and to practise the coupling and uncoupling 
of the hose, so that the operation may be performed 
in the shortest possible time. 

On these occasions the members of the fire engine 
sub-committee attend to inspect the men, and ex- 
amine and report to the general committee on the 
state of the engines and pipes. 

Expenditure, 

The superintendent is paid £200 per annum ; the 
firemen are paid as under : — 

1 Sergeant £5 0s. per ann. 

1 Messenger 4 „ 

3 Corporals, (each) 4 „ 

6 Branchmen, (each) 4 „ 

29 Firemen, (each) 3 3 „ 

The last- mentioned work at the levers of the engine. 

There is one man regularly employed to clean and 
oil the pipes and working apparatus of the engines. 
In addition to the foregoing annual allowance, each 
fireman is paid for attending on the inspection days, 
one shilling per month in the winter months, and 
in the summer months sixpence. All the before- 
mentioned expenses are paid out of the police rates. 



FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 153 

When the firemen attend at a fire, they receive 
from the owners or occupiers of the property on fire, 
or from the insurance office, if the property be insured, 
the following allowance, viz., — 1. For attending when 
an alarm is given, one shilling each, provided the 
alarm be not a false one. 2. If the fire continues 
for any length of time not exceeding one hour, one 
shilling each, and sixpence per hour for every hour 
afterwards. The assistants who may be called on 
are paid sixpence each per hour. 

The average annual expense of the establishment 
is about £550, towards which £240 per annum is 
subscribed by six Insurance Offices, viz.,. — The Man- 
chester, the Guardian, the West of England, the 
York and London, the Norwich Union, and the 
Atlas. The offices which do not subscribe are 
charged for the use of the engines at fires according 
to the following scale; but no charge is made for 
engines if the property on fire be assessed at less than 
£35 per annum, or on property which is not insured. 

For each turn-out of an engine when not used, 
provided it does not exceed one hour, £1. 



If more than one hour, 
and less than two ... 

If two hours, and less 
than three 

Three hours & upwards 



One 
Engine 

£ 
2 

3 

4 



Two 
Engines 

£ 
3 



Three 
Engines 

£ 
4 



Four 
Engines 

£ 
5 



Five 

Engines 

£ 



8 
10 



List of Pines, Sec. for Firemen. 

1. For attending a fire intoxicated, or getting in- 
toxicated at any fires, to forfeit five shillings, and the 
pay allowed for that fire. 

2. Any man wearing his clothing when not on 
duty, or appearing in the streets after any fire in his 
uniform, when his services are dispensed with, to 
forfeit one shilling. 



154 THE BARRACKS AND BRIDGES. 

3. Any man absenting himself from Church or 
Chapel, unless through sickness, shall forfeit six- 
pence. 

4. For attending fires in the night without hat, 
jacket, key and belt, to forfeit sixpence. 

5. For appearing with dirty clothes, belts, or rusty 
keys, on Sundays or inspection days, to forfeit three- 
pence. The forfeit to be doubled for the Sergeant, 
Corporals, and Branchmen, offending as above. 

7. The above fines to be deducted out of the first 
money due to the men. And on the first inspection 
day, after the forfeitures amount to ten shillings, 
there shall be a trial of quickness and skill between 
each set of firemen, as follows : — viz., each Corporal 
to take out his engine and men, and complete it with 
six lengths of hose pipes, and two suctions ; to pump 
water for five minutes, then coil up the pipes, and 
re-pack the engine. The set completing this, in the 
most expeditious and workmanlike manner, shall 
receive the ten shillings. 

THE BARRACKS. 

The Cavalry Barracks are in Chester-road, 
Hulme, and occupy a considerable space of ground. 
They afford accommodation for 262 horses, 399 men, 
and 20 officers. The Infantry Barracks are in 
Regent-road, Salford, and afford accommodation for 
700 men and 35 officers. Both these barracks are 
in healthy situations, and are so spacious as to afford 
ample room for infantry exercise and cavalry evo- 
lutions. 

BRIDGES. 

The principal bridges are over the Irwell. The 
oldest bridge was situated at the upper end of Deans- 
gate, and its date was supposed to be so far back as 
the reign of Edward III. The increasing inter- 



BRIDGES. 155 

course between Manchester and Salford rendering it 
imperative, not only that the approaches to the old 
bridge should be improved, bat that the thoroughfare 
should be widened, it was resolved, in 1837, to take 
the old bridge down, and to erect a new one in its stead. 
The Victoria Bridge, on the site of the Old Bridge, 
is now completed, and was opened on the anniversary 
of her Majesty's accession, June 20, 1839. 

The old bridge had been twice widened, once on 
the south side, or that nearest Blackfriar's bridge, 
and once on the other side, in 1776, when the chapel 
erected by Thomas de la Booth was finally taken 
down. This chapel had been rebuilt in 1505 ; but, 
afterwards falling into decay, it was used for upwards 
of a century as a kind of dungeon, for the evil-doers 
of both Manchester and Salford, till its removal in 
1776. There are old persons yet living in the 
neighbourhood, who recollect the chapel when ap- 
propriated to this " vile use," and who state that 
the prisoners used to thurst their hands through the 
grating of the dungeon, to beg alms of the passen- 
gers traversing the bridge. 

The ceremony of setting the key-stone of the 
Victoria bridge took place on Saturday, March 23, 
1839, when the following inscription, engraved on 
the silver trowel used on the occasion, was read : — 

" This silver trowel was presented by Charles 
Carrington, of Croft's Bank, Barton-upon-Irwell, in 
the county of Lancaster, bridgemaster for the hun- 
dred of Salford, to Humphrey Trafford, Esq., of 
Trafford, in the said county, who, on March the 23d, 
1839, did therewith set the key-stone of Victoria 
bridge (so called by permission of her most gracious 
Majesty, Victoria the First), which consists of one 
elliptical arch, one hundred feet in span, with a rise 
of twenty-two feet, and a road-way forty-five feet 
in width ; and was erected in lieu, and upon the 
site, of Salford Old Bridge (supposed to have been 



156 CANALS, ETC. 

built A.D, 1365), over the river Irwell, between 
Manchester and Salford. The cost of the bridge 
was defrayed by the inhabitants of the hundred, and 
its approaches widened at the expense of each town, 
A.D. 1839" 

There are five other bridges across the Irwell, 
four of which, namely, Broughton bridge, Black- 
friars 9 bridge. Regent bridge, and Strang eways 
bridge, take a toll ; the other bridge, the New 
Bailey bridge, formerly levied a toll, but in 1 803 it 
was abandoned, and since that time the bridge has 
been free. 

CANALS AND OTHER WATER COMMUNICATIONS. 

The history of the Canals in and about Manchester 
would fill a large volume. Little more can be given 
here than a mere sketch of them. The first water 
conveyance between Manchester and Liverpool was 
by means of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. So 
early as 1720 considerable improvements were made 
on this line ; but it was reserved for the late Duke of 
Bridgewater* to make a more perfect communication 

* The following remarks on this great undertaking are from 
M'Culloch's Statistics of the British Empire : — " The Duke 
of Bridgewater was the owner of an estate at Worsley, about 
7 miles from Manchester, in which were valuable coal-mines ; 
but owing to the heavy cost of conveying the coal by land- 
carriage to Manchester, the demand for it was comparatively 
limited. Under these circumstances, the Duke revived the 
idea that had been previously entertained of making Worsley 
brook navigable to the river Irwell, which was itself navi- 
gable to Manchester. But Brindley, who was fully aware of 
the superiority of canal navigation over that of almost any 
river, more especially of one so deficiently supplied with water 
as the Irwell, recommended his Grace to construct a canal 
from Worsley to Manchester, and to carry it on the same level 
all the way by means of an acqueduct 39 feet high over the 
Irwell. The Duke having approved of this bold design, it 
was carried into effect, under the direction of Brindley, with 
wonderful skill and judgment, and the most perfect success, 



CANALS, ETC. 157 

between the two towns. His celebrated canal, con- 
structed under the direction of Mr. Brindley, was 
opened in 1761. It was the commencement of a 
new era in water communication, and proved to be 
a most valuable source of wealth to its proprietor. 
Lord Francis Egerton has succeeded to all the canal 
property of its late owner; and his lordship enjoys 
their vast revenues, which, notwithstanding the ri- 
valry of other conveyances, remain undiminished. 
The offices of the Bridgewater Canal are at Knott- 
Mill, the lower end of Deansgate. The principal agent 
in the carrying department is Mr. George Marsden. 



The Manchester, Bury, and Bolton Canal was 

The canal was afterwards extended through Cheshire to Run- 
corn, at the bottom of the estuary of the Mersey, and has 
ever since been, notwithstanding the competition of the rail- 
road, the principal channel by which all sorts of heavy goods 
are conveyed between Liverpool and Manchester. 

" The opening of this canal w r as productive of vast advan- 
tage to the publi^ having immediately lowered the price of 
coals in Manchester to half its previous amount, and supplied 
a speedy, cheap, and regular channel of communication be- 
tween that town and its port. It was happily, also, highly 
advantageous to its noble proprietor, who risked a large for- 
tune on the enterprise. 

" The success that attended this project excited the public 
attention, in all parts of the empire, to the advantages that 
might be derived from such undertakings, and gave a won- 
derful stimulous to canal navigation. Brindley had early con- 
ceived the magnificent idea of joining the four great ports of 
Liverpool, Hull, Bristol, and London, by a system of grand 
canals, from which subsidiary canals might be carried to the 
contiguous towns; and though he died in 1772, at the pre- 
mature age of 56, he had the satisfaction to see his projects 
considerably advanced towards completion." 

The Grand Trunk Canal, the Birmingham and Fazeley 
ditto, the Birmingham and Worcester ditto, the river Severn, 
the Coventry Canal, the Oxford ditto, the Grand Junction 
ditto, and the river Thames, in addition to the Bridgewater 
Canal, complete the internal communication between the four 
great ports of the kingdom. 
o 2 



158 CANALS, ETC. 

projected in 1791. The office of this canal is in 
New Bailey-street, Salford. 

The Ashton and Peak- Forest Canal Act was 
obtained in 1792. The office is in Ducie-street, 
Piccadilly. James Meadows, Esq. is the principal 
agent. 

The Rochdale Canal was projected in 1794. The 
office is in Dale-street, Port-street. 



These canals receive into them branch cuts from 
various other places. 



The Mersey and Imvell Navigation Company's 
offices are in Water-street. Thomas O. Lingard, 
Esq. is the principal agent. 



To furnish an idea of the profitable nature of some 
of these navigation companies, it may be stated that 
the Mersey and Irwell Company's shares, originally 
of the value of £70, sold, before the opening of the 
Liverpool and Manchester Railway, for a sum as 
high as £1250 each! 

Notwithstanding the rivalry of railways, the ton- 
nage upon canals, &c. is still very heavy. According 
to the evidence on traffic given before a committee 
of the House of Lords on the Cheshire Junction 
Railway Bill, in 1836, it was proved that the water 
carriage between Manchester and the following 
places, namely, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wed- 
nesbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Wolverhampton, 
Dudley, Bilston, Tipton, Stourbridge, Stourport, 
Shropshire, Shrewsbury, South Wales, the Potteries, 
Newcastle, Stone, Stafford, Nantwich, Chester, 
Middlewich, Sandbach, North wich, and Staffordshire, 
amounted annually to 364,098 tons. The trade 
from Manchester to London, and the other south- 
ward traffic (not included) added to the foregoing, 
will give about 700,000 tons per annum, at the least. 



MARKETS. 



159 



MARKETS. 

There is not in Manchester a general market, like 
St. John's, in Liverpool, or like the celebrated New- 
castle Market. The markets here are scattered 
over various parts of the town, and are under the 
control of the Lord of the Manor, Sir Oswald 
Mosley, Bart. The Cattle Market is in Smithfield, 
Shudehill, and another has recently been established 
in Cross-lane, in Salford. These are held every 
Wednesday. 

The following tables, extracted from the Statis- 
tical Society's Reports, will be found interesting, 

STATEMENT OF THE CONSUMPTION OF BUTCHER'S MEAT IN 
MANCHESTER, AND THE ENVIRONS, IN THE YEAR 1836. 



Average 


ANNUAL CONSUMPTION. 


: weight 

L of 

Carcass. 


NUMBER OF 


Quantity 
to each 
Person. 


Carcasses. 


Pounds. 


Cattle 

Sheep 


lbs. 

560 

68 2 


40,820 

105,040 

96,668 

11,791 


22,859,200 
7,212,746 
3,576,716 
1,061,190 


lbs. oz. 

66 8 
21 


Lambs 


37* 
90 


10 7 
3 1 


Calves 








Offal (edible) 




254,319 


34,709,852 
1,387,308 


101 
4 9 


Total 




36,097,160 


105 











Estimated total population of Manchester and its 
environs, 343,562. — This paper cannot be considered 
as anything more than an approximation to an ac- 
curate statement. Carcasses and joints may be 
brought into or sent out of the town, and hides of 
carcasses consumed in the town may be sold to a 
distance, an exact account of which it would be diffi- 
cult to obtain.* 

* The following remarks on the increased consumption of 
butcher's meat in England, is extracted from M'Culloch's 
Statistics of the British Empire : — " The change that has 



160 MARKETS. 

The principal Vegetable Market in Manchester is 
held on Saturday, on which day the Market-place and 
Smithy-door are thronged with farmers and country 
people who flock to town with their agricultural 
produce. Besides this market, there are the Fish 
Market, held in a handsome stone building in the 
Market-place, — the Butchers' Market, held under 
the Manor Court Room. Brown-street, — and another 



taken place during the last half century in the consumption 
of butcher's meat, is still more extraordinary than that which 
has taken place in the consumption of corn. The quantity 
made use of has been wonderfully increased, and its quality 
signally improved. From 1740 to about 1750, the population 
of the Metropolis fluctuated very little ; amounting, during 
the whole of that period, to about 670,000 or 675,000. Now, 
during the ten years ending with 1750, there were at an 
average, about 74,000 head of cattle, and about 570,000 head 
of sheep sold annually in Smithfield Market. In 1831, the 
population increased to 1,472,000, or in the ratio of about 218 
per cent. : and at an average of the three years ending with 
1831, 156,000 head of cattle, and 1,238,000 head of sheep 
were annually sold in Smithfield ; being an increase of 212 
per cent, on the cattle, and 217 per cent, on the sheep, as 
compared with the numbers sold in 1740-50. It consequently 
appears that the number of cattle and sheep consumed in Lon- 
don has increased, since 1740, about in the same proportion 
as the population. The weight of animals has, however, a 
good deal more than doubled in the interval. In the earliest 
part of the last century, the gross weight of the cattle sold at 
Smithfield did not, at an average, exceed 3701bs., and that of 
the sheep did not exceed 281bs. ; whereas, at present, the 
average weight of the cattle is estimated at about 8001 bs., and 
that of the sheep at about 801bs. Hence, on the most mode- 
rate computation, it may be affirmed, that the consumption of 
butcher's meat in the Metropolis, as compared with the popu- 
lation, is twice as great at this moment as in 1740 or 1750. 

" In most other parts of the country, the increase in the con- 
sumption of butchers' meat has been even greater. In thinly 
peopled agricultural districts, very little is consumed, but in 
manufacturing and commercial towns it is quite the reverse ; 
and their vast increase, during the last half century, more than 
justifies the inference, that there has been, at least, a corres- 
ponding increase in the consumption of butcher's meat." 



FAIRS AND PUBLIC BATHS. l6l 

Butchers' Market, held in a recently- erected building 
in London-road, which however, it is expected will 
be shortly taken down, to make way for the erection 
of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway Station 
on its site. The Butchers' Shambles, at the top of 
Bridge-street, occupy an extensive plot of ground ; 
and behind them are the Pork Shambles. 

FAIRS. 

In Manchester and Salford there are four annual 
fairs, which may be thus enumerated : — 

Manchester. 

Knott-mill Fair, held in Easter-week, behind St. 
Matthew's Church, Campfield, Acres' Fair, held on 
the three first days in October, on the same site. 

Salford. 

Whitsun Fair, held in Chapel-street, on Whitsun- 
week. Dirt Fair, held in the same place, on the 
17th November. 

THE MANCHESTER PUBLIC BATHS 

Are situate in George-street, adjoining the Infirmary. 
They are exceedingly well regulated, convenient 
and spacious. The insertion of the following regu- 
lations connected with them will be found useful : — 

1. All persons to pay for bathing before they are 
admitted to the baths. 

2. All subscribers to the baths to pay their sub- 
scriptions the first time of bathing. 

3. The Matlock, Buxton, and private hot baths 
are constantly kept ready ; and the vapour bath will 
be prepared at half an hour's notice. 

4. The private warm, or hot air, the warm, or hot 
water, the vapour, and the medicated baths only, 



162 PUBLIC BATHS. 

will be prepared for the use of the public on Sundays 
in cases of urgency. 

5. Ali persons that spit in any of the baths to pay 
one shilling ; and no person will be permitted to 
make any further use of these baths who shall have 
defiled or improperly used them. 

TERMS FOR THE USE OF THE BATHS, AS ESTABLISHED 28TH 
MARCH, 1831. 

Non- Subscribers to pay, s. d. 

For a Cold Bath, or Cold Shower Bath 1 

„ Matlock or Buxton Bath 1 6 

„ ( Private Warm, or Hot Water Bath 2 6 

„ „ Warm Shower Bath 1 6 

,, „ Vapour Bath 2 6 

„ ,, Vapour & Hot Bath when used together. 4 

„ ,, Harrogate Water Bath 4 

„ „ (Children under Seven years of age) 2 6 

„ „ Bath of other Medicated Water 3 

„ „ Hot Air Bath 3 

„ „ Sulphureous Fumigating Bath 3 

„ ,, Shampooing Bath 7 



CHAPTER XII. 



NEW BAILEY PRISON, LAW COURTS, ETC. 
NEW BAILEY PRISON 

Is situate in Salford, near the New Bailey Bridge, 
on the banks of the river Irwell. The building of 
this prison was commenced by the celebrated Mr. 
Howard, in 1787> who laid the first stone of the part 
now appropriated to females. The walls which sur- 
round the prison are an oblong, with iron chevaux 
defrize, and flanking towers at intervals, loop-holed 
for musketry. The governor's house, offices, session- 
house, and lockups, are in the principal front towards 
the river, in a line with the boundary wall, and abut- 
ting into the area of the prison. The principal entry 
into the prison is, most inconveniently, the public 
one to the session-house, police-office, and lockups. 
This prison is remarkably healthy, being under the 
vigilant surveillance of Mr. Oilier, surgeon, who 
visits it once a day, and oftener if required. There 
is a selection of prayers read daily, and two full 
services are performed on the sabbath by the chap- 
lain, the Rev. C. F. Bagshawe. No books are ad- 
mitted into the prison, but such as are examined by 
the chaplain. The labours to which offenders are 
consigned are the tread -mill and the sand-milh The 
gross expenditure per annum of this prison, as per a 
published report in 1837-8, is £8256 13s. Od. The 
amount of prisoners' earnings, for the same period, 
was £331 3s. 5d. Several other deductions reduce 
the expenditure of the prison for the current year to 
the net sum of £7571 8s. 5d. 4 

The following table may afford some information 
relative to the progress of crime. It is a return of 



164 



NEW BAILEY PRISON. 



the number of persons received into the general 
lockups in Manchester, &c. during the month of 
September, in the following years : — 



1828 
1829 
1830 



553 
525 
627 



1831 
1832 
1833 



606 

718 
720 



1834 
1835 
1836 



864 

903 

1040 



The total number of persons confined in the prison 
in the course of the year ending October, 1836, was 
6,551, namely, 4,783 males and 1,868 females. The 
prison is capable of containing, at one time, 583 
male and 214 female prisoners, making a total of 
797. The average number of prisoners is 700, The 
cost of a male prisoner is 2JJd. per day ; of a female, 
ljjd. per day. 

For the year 1837-8 the sum of £2,534 17s. 9d. 
was expended in food for the prisoners, namely : — 

For Bread, Meal, Pease, Salt, and) o^^oa q < 

Pepper / iWd4 y 5 

Butchers' Meat 505 1 

Potatoes 295 7 4 



£2534 17 9 

The following is a table of the number of prisoners 
tried at the Court-House, Salford, in the following 
years : — 



1794 

1800 
1805 
1810 



150 
441 
252 
241 



1815 
1820 
1825 

1827 



497 
906 
993 

983 



1830 
1834 

1836 
1837 



842 
1112 
1031 
1313 



From the 22nd of January, 1794, to the 6th of 
January, 1838, there were 94,340 persons committed. 

The New Bailey Prison is one of the best con- 
ducted prisons in England ; and the order and clean- 
liness which prevail are no doubt highly conducive 
to the healthy state of the prison. It is stated in the 



LAW COURTS. 165 

Commissioners' Report,* that one of the female pri- 
soners contrives to get committed at stated periods 
for the purpose of recruiting her health ! Mr. Dun- 
stan is the governor, at a salary of £600 per annum. 

LAW COURTS. 
Administration of Justice, &c. 

Besides the daily Police-office Court held at the 
New Bailey Court- House, Salford, there are the fol- 
lowing courts of law and equity held in Manchester 
and Salford : — the Quarter Sessions, for the trial of 
felonies, misdemeanors, &c. which are fixed by Act of 
Parliament, 1 1 Geo. IV. cap. 70, and are held as fol- 
lows, — Lancaster, on the Monday in the first whole 
week after the 28th of Dec, the 31st of March, the 

* "By a return of prisoners in the New Bailey, who are 
known to have been at large, committing depredations for the 
periods specified, it would appear that 40 thieves had been 
plundering for a year, 50 for two years, 17 for three years, 10 
for four years, 5 for five years, 1 for six years, 3 for seven 
years, and 1 for nine years ; total, 127 prisoners. The ave- 
rage duration of each prisoner's career of depredation before 
the imprisonment is stated to be two years and three months. 
If this be deemed a startling state of things, it must by no 
means be taken as reflecting on the. vigilance of the Manches- 
ter police ; for, by a similar return from Knutsford gaol, of 
114 prisoners, we find that 10 were known to have been at 
large, committing depredations, for a year, 16 each for two 
years and for three years, 17 for four years, 13 each for five 
years and for six years, 5 for seven years, 4 for eight years, 3 
for nine years, 6 for ten years, 4 for twelve years, 2 for twenty 
years, and 3 for upwards of twenty years ! The average du- 
ration of each prisoner's career of depredation, before the im- 
prisonment, was Jive years! By another return we find that 
the career of depredation of the New Bailey prisoners was 
shorter than in most other places In the City of London 
prison, Giltspur-street, it was two years and three quarters ; 
City of London Bridewell, two years and a half; County 
Prison, Warwick, two years and three quarters ; and County 
Prison, Petvvorth, (Sussex,) five years" Manchester Guar- 
dian paragraph. 
P 



166 LAW COURTS. 

24th of June, and the 11th of October ; Preston, 
on the Wednesday following ; Salford, on the 
Monday following ; and Kirkdale, on the Thurs- 
day but one following. The Intermediate Sessions 
for Salford are always fixed by the justices at the 
preceding quarter sessions. The other courts are, — 
the Salford Hundred Courts which is held every 
Thursday three weeks ; the County Court, held 
every four weeks ; the Manchester Court Baron, 
held every Wednesday three weeks ; and the Court 
of Requests, which is held every alternate Wednes- 
day. The Commissioners of Bankrupts' Rooms are 
at No. 6, St. James's-square. 



In addition to those above enumerated, Her Ma- 
jesty in privy council has granted a court of quarter 
session and commission of the peace to the borough 
of Manchester, and has been pleased to appoint 
Robert Baynes Armstrong, Esq. to be the Recorder 
of the borough. By the charter a Court of Record 
is also granted to the borough, for the trial of causes 
not exceeding £20. These courts are held in the 
Court Room, Brown-street, in which also is held the 
borough daily Police Court. 

There are for the protection of trade against swind- 
lers, and for the prosecution of felons, several societies 
established in the town, which are elsewhere noticed. 

In allusion to the administration of justice, it may 
be stated that, to render it more prompt and effec- 
tual, a stipendiary magistrate (a barrister of at least 
five years' standing,) is appointed by the chancellor 
of the duchy, under an act of parliament passed for 
the purpose, to sit daily in the New Bailey Court- 
House. His salary is £1,000 per annum. The 
present magistrate is Daniel Maude, Esq., who suc- 
ceeded J. F. Foster, Esq., who, on the death of 
James Norris, Esq., was unanimously elected by his 
brother magistrates chairman of the quarter sessions. 



SOCIETY FOR THE PROSECUTION OF FELONS. 167 

The coroner for the Manchester division of the 
county is Mr, W. S. Rutter, whose office is in Back 
King-street ; and the coroner for the borough of 
Manchester is Mr. James Chapman : his office is in 
York-street. 



THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROSECUTION OF FELONS 
AND RECEIVERS OF STOLEN GOODS. 

This society, established for the purpose of prose- 
cuting, at the joint expense of a number of persons, 
those offenders who may commit depredations upon 
any member of the society, holds its meetings on the 
first Mondays in March, June, September, and De- 
cember, at seven o'clock in the evening, at the house 
of Mr. Challender, Blackfriars' Inn. Messrs. Oswald 
Milne and Sons are solicitors to the society. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



RAILWAYS. 
LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY COMPANY.* 

The station is in Water-street. The immense 
warehousing of the company is well worthy the at- 
tention of a visitor, as indeed are all the offices, in 
which are managed its vast affairs. A history of 
the rise, progress, and completion of the Liverpool 
and Manchester Railway would occupy too much 
space in a work like this; and as there are several 
small accounts published, at a low price, we refer 
the reader to them. At the same time, the follow- 
ing statement may not perhaps be considered with- 
out value. It shows, among other things, that the 
cost of constructing the railway, and the expenses 
of the works, up to December, 1838, was £1,376,073. 

* Statistics of the London & Birmingham Railway. 
— Thirteen miles of the railway are laid level — fifty-two 
at an inclination varying from one foot to fourteen feet in a 
mile — and forty-seven at inclinations varying between four- 
teen and sixteen feet per mile. The greatest difference of 
level between any two parts of the line is three hundred and 
eight feet ; the gradients change forty-four times. The 
longest continued length of level rails is about four miles ; 
the greatest extent of any gradient is seven miles and a half ; 
but there is an inclination in one direction, varying from one 
gradient to another, measuring fourteen miles. From Lon- 
don to Birmingham fifty- five miles ascend, forty-four descend, 
and thirteen are level. The land occupied by the railway 
and stations may be estimated at nearly two thousand acres. 
— History of the London and Birmingham Railway. 



LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 169 

Receipts and Disbursements of the Liverpool and 

Manchester Railway Company, 

For the Half-year ending Z\st December, 1838. 

RECEIPTS. 

Coaching Department £79,277 3 2 

Merchandise, do 54,215 7 

Coal, do 3,201 6 



expenses. £136,693 10 8 

Bad Debt Account £392 1 8 

Coach Disbursement, do 11,051 4 5 

Carrying do do 11,189 3 

Coal do do 743 13 4 

Cartage (Liverpool) do 321 2 4 

Do (Manchester) do 3,622 1 6 

Charge for Direction... .do 384 6 

Compensation (Coaching) do 81 16 7 

Do (Carrying) do 506 9 11 

Coach Office Establishment do 746 8 2 

Engineering Department do 175 

Interest and Rent do 7,008 14 5 

Locomotive Power do 26,427 10 11 

Law Disbursement do 200 

Maintenance of Way do 4,481 16 9 

North Tunnel Disbursement do 854 13 5 

Office Establishment do 1,505 15 1 

Police do 1,133 14 8 

Petty Disbursement do 45 

Repairs to Walls and Fences do 1,182 6 

Stationary, Engine Disbursement... 668 4 10 ] 

Tunnel Disbursement do 468 5 1 

Tax and Rate do : 3,340 6 8 

Waggon Disbursement do 4,449 9 3 



-80,978 18 



Nett profit for Half-year ending 31st Dec. 1838. £55,714 12 2 

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure on 
Capital Account, 

From the commencement of the undertaking to the Z\st Dec. 1838. 

RECEIPTS. £ S. d. 

To Amount of joint Capital in Shares and\j ooj qaq jo q 

Loans....: J ' ' 

Do. of Dividends not paid 802 3 8 

Do. of Reserved Fund and Interest.. 4,486 17 2 

Do. - Surplus in hand after payment") •. 053 q q 

of the Sixteenth Dividend j ' 

Do. Nett Profit for the half-year end- 7 ^71419 9 

ing the 31st of December, 1838 J Dfhi r*, 



£1,443,897 19 
p2 



170 LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 

EXPENDITURE. 

By Amount of Expenditure on Construction") , w^ ,v_ ,„ ,, 

of the Way and Works J 1,376,073 16 11 

Do. of Arrears and Calls 837 2 6 

Do. in the hands of Messrs. Moss 
and Co., Bankers, viz. 

Reserved Fund and Interest, £4,486 17 2 

Balance 42,649 12 9 

47,136 9 11 

Do. Balance of Book Debts due tothe") moxnin o 
Company / 19 > b5 ° 10 2 

£1,443,897 19 6 

The proprietary of the Liverpool and Manchester 
Railway is distributed as follows : — 

Value. Amount paid up. 

51,000 Shares, £100 £100 

7,968 Half do 50 35 

11,475 Quarter do. 25 25 

Out of the main line, between Manchester and 
Liverpool, there are several Branch Railways, lead- 
ing to Bolton, Runcorn, St. Helen's ; and the Grand 
Junction, and the North Union Railway Branch out 
this of line.* 

* The following singular instance of Manufacturing Despatch 
as connected with Railway transit is copied from a late No. of 
the Preston Chronicle : — " On Thursday afternoon last, Mr. 
W. Taylor, cotton manufacturer, of Preston, purchased a consi- 
derable quantity of cotton from Messrs. Bateson and Sons, 
Liverpool, which was sent by Messrs. Tattersall and Clare, 
Mr. Taylor's brokers, to Mr. J. Hargreaves, jun. to be con- 
veyed to Preston by the North Union Railway; and, although 
it did not actually leave Liverpool till after three o'clock 
yesterday, (Friday morning,) it was delivered at Tulketh 
Factory at eight minutes past nine o'clock, and before eleven 
o'clock part of it had passed through the several operations of 
mixing, scutching, sapping, carding, drawing, slubbing, roving, 
and spinning. At half-past eleven o'clock, a portion of it was 
made into cloth by the power-loom ; and at twenty minutes 
past four o'clock in the afternoon, three and a half yards of 
good, perfect shirting cloth was forwarded by Mr. Taylor to 
Messrs. Tattersall and Clare, by the train leaving Preston at 
twenty minutes past four, and would, in course, be delivered 



LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 171 

Mr. Porter, in bis valuable work, entitled " Pro- 
gress of the Nation," &c, observes : — " It is a singu- 
lar fact, that of all the railways constructed and con- 
templated, up to the opening of the Liverpool and 
Manchester line, not one was undertaken with a view 
to the conveyance of passengers. In the prospectus 
published by the projectors of that work, it was in- 
deed held out as possible that one-half of the num- 
ber of persons then travelling by coaches, between 
the two towns, might avail themselves of the rail- 
way, in consideration of the lower rate for which 
they would be conveyed, and the directors expected 
to realize an income of £20,000 per annum from 
that source ; but the chief inducement held out to 
subscribers was the conveyance of raw cotton, 
manufactured goods, coals, and cattle." 

Mr. Porter then gives a table which shows how 
much the anticipations of the projectors were at 
variance with the result. He then proceeds : — 

" The great success attending this splendid work 
being in a principal degree attributable to the pas- 

to them before seven o'clock the same evening. We have no 
doubt but that this morning (Saturday,) hundreds of gentle- 
men on 'Change will have an opportunity of seeing cloth, the 
weft of which was made Irom cotton that had been conveyed 
from Liverpool to Preston and back, (eighty miles, including 
the distance from the delivering station to the factory,) and 
had passed through the various operations necessary for its 
production, in the short space of fifteen hours, after deducting 
one hour for dinner, during which time the manufactory was 
not at work ; and this was done without any very extraor- 
dinary hurry or exertion. From the foregoing, it appears 
that the time occupied in the whole of the operations, from 
first opening the cotton bags to the production of several yards 
of the fabric, was somewhat under six working hours. How 
forcibly does this fact remind us that we live in the age of 
enterprise — in the very millenium of railway velocity ! Last 
evening, a dress was worn by the weaver of the cloth, pro- 
duced from the same raw material sent from Liverpool yester- 
day morning." 



172 GRAND JUNCTION BAILWAY. 

sengers conveyed by it, the chief inducement thence- 
forward to embark in similar undertakings has been 
the number of travellers, and not the amount of 
goods to be conveyed. Hitherto it has been found, 
in nearly every case where a railroad, adapted for 
carrying passengers, has been brought into opera- 
tion, that the amount of travelling between the two 
extremities of the line has been quadrupled, In the 
case of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the 
income derived from this source has enabled the 
Company to meet a large amount of extraordinary 
expenses, and to divide, regularly, ten per cent, an- 
nually upon the capital, although the outlay in the 
construction of the work has been more than double 
the sum contemplated in the original estimates." 

The passengers on the Liverpool and Manchester 
Railway numbered, in 

1831 445,047 

1832 356,945 

1833 386,492 

1834 436,637 

1835 473,847 

Mr. Green is the principal agent in Manchester. 

THE GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY 

Connects Manchester and Liverpool with Birming- 
ham. The offices belonging to this railway adjoin 
those of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 
Company's. Mr. Baker is the principal agent. 

The Directors do not publish statements of their 
accounts ; but the following extracts from the Man- 
Chester Guardian of February 2nd, 1839, may serve 
to supply, in some measure, this desideratum. — 

" On Wednesday last, at one o'clock, a meeting of 
the proprietors of the Grand Junction Railway, was 
held at the Cotton Sales Room, Exchange-buildings, 



GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY. 173 

Liverpool. John Moss, Esq. chairman of the board 
of directors, presided. 

" The secretary, Mr. Chorley, read the report de- 
tailing the results of the half-year's business. The 
results of the business for the past half-year were 
stated to be exceedingly satisfactory. The total 
receipts for coaching, &c. were £161,410 6s. 3d. an 
increase of £44,669 16s. 8d. over the year in 1837, 
and a great increase over that of 1838. This, added 
to the receipts in other departments, gave a total of 
£178,039 9s. lOd. 

" The chairman said, the expenses had averaged 
53 per cent., which included those for repairs as 
well as all other charges. The proprietors, it was 
hoped, would be satisfied, not only with the increase 
of income, but with the dividend of £6 per share, 
which was to be declared. The charge for the 
maintenance of the way was, for the six last months 
ending December 31st, 1838, £14,570. 

" Though the expenses had been great in the 
several departments, — in the maintenance of the way 
and engines, — yet, notwithstanding this, they were 
justified in paying to the proprietors a dividend of 
six per cent., and had still a surplus of £1,700. 
There were but few undertakings that could offer a 
more favourable report ; as it made manifest their 
great prosperity, and showed how advantageous the 
concern was for the investment of capital, and they 
anticipated still greater results. He was proud 
to inform them, that the best possible feeling existed 
between them, and those who directed the other 
lines. He would particularly mention the London and 
Birmingham, and the Liverpool and Manchester. 

" The accounts were next read by the secretary. 
It appeared that the grand total of receipts, includ- 
ing £934 14s. 8d. for interest, and a balance of 
£281 9s. lid. was £179,275 14s. 6d. The ex- 
penses were £93,971 10s. 7d. The capital was 



174 MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY. 

stated to be £1,200,980, The total outlay had been 
£1,786,079 10s. 4d. The stock and materials were 
valued at £149,104 lis, 4d." 

This Railway is 82J miles long. There are 

Value. Amount paid up. 

10,918 Shares £100 £100 

10,918 Half-shares 50 20 

MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY. 

This line is not yet completed, but is in a very 
forward state. From the report read at the last half- 
yearly meeting, March 18th, 1839, it appears that, 
" The contracts for the entire works have been let 
for the aggregate sum of £1,153,166 ; to secure the 
completion of which, the directors calculate it may 
be necessary to apply a further sum of £230,633 for 
contingencies and extras, which is 20 per cent, upon 
the contract price. To this must be added £150,000 
for iron rails, and the same amount for parliamentary 
expenses, engineering, management, salaries, interest 
on loans to the time of opening the line, &c. making 
a total, for the formation of the entire railway, of 
£1,933,799. The disposable capital of the company 
arising from 13,000 shares at £100 each, and 
£433,000 of loans, is £1,733,000; which leaves a 
balance required by the company to complete their 
present undertaking of £200,799. 

" The whole of the works have proceeded in a 
rapid and satisfactory manner : the embankments are 
very high and numerous, some of them being seventy 
feet in height ; but the material is of such excellent 
quality, there is not the slightest appearance of 
derangement, nor do we expect any will take place. 
The large culverts under these heavy embankments, 
which required so much care to make safe, are all in 
a perfect state." The line as far as Littleborough, 
was opened for passengers on the 4th of June, 1 839* 

The Manchester Terminus will ultimately be at 



SHEFFIELD AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 175 

Hunt's Bank. The distance between the towns by 
this line, will be sixty miles. Mr. Jellicorse is the 
secretary in Manchester. 
In this railway, there are 

Value. Amount paid up. 

13,000 Shares £100 £50 

13,000 Half Shares 50 5 

THE SHEFFIELD AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY 

Will terminate at Chancery Lane, Ardwick, joining 
the Manchester and Birmingham line at that point. 
The length of this line will be 392 miles. It 
was commenced in October, 1838. 

In this railway there are 7>000 shares, of £100 
each. Amount paid up, £10 each. 

THE MANCHESTER AND BIRMINGHAM RAILWAY. 

This railway has been recently commenced. The 
Manchester terminus is to be on the south side of 
Store-street, a little beyond the back of the London 
Road Market. The town offices of the company 
are in Bond -street. 

In this railway there are 30,000 shares, of £70 
each. Amount paid on each, £15. 

THE BOLTON RAILWAY 

Commences in New Bailey-street, in Salford. It 
is carried over that town by a series of splendid 
brick arches, which have a very singular appearance 
when viewed from any of the streets over which 
they are constructed. Its course is almost parallel 
with the Canal to Bolton, a distance of twelve miles : 
one committee apparently manages both under- 
takings. 

According to the report of the 9th January, 1839? 
there had been conveyed over the line, since the 
opening of the railway, on the 29th May, 1838, 
228,799 passengers, which number confirms the 



176 JUNCTION RAILWAY. 

opinion originally formed of this portion of the 
traffic. 

The Canal report is incorporated with that of the 
railway. It appears from the one we allude to above, 
that the 

Railway receipts of 1838 were £13,722 19 

Canal do. do 17,192 6 9 

Dividends arising from shares 770 5 

The expenses during the same period were — 

Railway £13,088 7 4 

Canal 7,527 11 2 

Leaving a balance of profit, arising from the joint 
Companies, of upwards of eleven thousand pounds. 
The line being in an incomplete state when opened, 
the expenses connected with the railway for this 
year, were necessarily heavier than they will usually be. 
In this railway there are 6,201 shares, of £100 
each. Amount paid up, £78. Mr. Ritson is the 
secretary. 

THE JUNCTION RAILWAY. 

The Manchester and Leeds Railway Company 
have just passed a bill through parliament, which 
enables them to bring their terminus to Hunt's-bank, 
whence it is proposed, by the Liverpool and Man- 
chester and the Bolton Railway Companies, to ex- 
tend the line so as to form a chain of communication 
with their respective railways. The Manchester and 
Leeds Railway Company's directors, in their report 
for March, 1 839, observe, in reference to this junc- 
tion, that " immense advantages are likely to arise to 
the towns of Manchester and Salford, from a junction 
of the Manchester and Leeds Railway with that of 
the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company. 
The land required for the purpose is either not occu- 
pied or very partially so, or covered with property 
of comparatively little value. The portion immedi- 



RAILWAY TRAVELLING. 177 

ately required for stations, with a very small excep- 
tion, is already secured on very advantageous terms. 
The stations of the two great companies associated 
in this junction are immediately contiguous to the 
centre of the town, and particularly convenient to 
the Exchange and the Post-office, the distance not 
exceeding five hundred yards, and are admirably 
situated to promote the object for which the public 
money has been expended upon the great thorough- 
fares by which they are surrounded, and especially 
by the opening of the new Victoria Bridge, to secure 
to the borough of Salford a participation in the same 
benefits with that of Manchester." 



On again referring our readers for extended informa- 
tion to the respective Guide Books of the various rail- 
ways in this neighbourhood, we cannot refrain from 
presenting the following lively extract, bearing upon 
the subject of railway travelling, from No. 125 of 
the Quarterly Review. 

" There are, no doubt, many of our readers who 
have yet to receive those common-place impressions 
which are made upon the mind of a traveller when 
for the first time he sees and hears the engine, as 
from a point in advance on the railway it retro - 
gradingly approaches in order to be hooked on a 
train, composed, as on the London and Liverpool 
line, of eighteen or twenty huge cars, besides private 
carriages on runners, caravans full of horses, wag- 
gons of heavy goods, &c. &c. The immense weight, 
upwards of eighty tons, to be transported at such a 
pace to such a distance, when compared with the 
slight neat outline of the engine, the circumference 
of whose black funnel-pipe would not twice go round 
the neck of the antelope, and whose bright copper 
boiler would not twice equal the girth or barrel of a 
race horse, induces the stranger to apprehend for a 
moment that the approaching power must prove 
Q 



178 RAILWAY TRAVELLING. 

totally inadequate to its task ; but the tearing, deaf- 
ening noise with which the noble animal of man's 
creation advances to his work satisfactorily demon- 
strates that it has itself no fear, but comes as a bride- 
groom out of his chamber, rejoicing, like a giant, to 
run his course. 

" If the character of this noble creature be consi- 
dered for a moment with that of a horse, the com- 
parison is curious. With sufficient coals and water 
in his manger, which, it must be observed, whenever 
he travels, he takes with him, he can, if the aggregate 
of his day's work be considered, carry every day for 
10 miles, at the rate of 16 miles an hour, the weight 
of an army of 21,504 men, of 10 stones and 10 lbs. 
each ; whereas a good horse could not, at the same 
pace, and for the same distance, continue to carry 
every day more than one such man. For a distance 
of 80 miles he can carry the weight of 2,688 men at 
a rate (16 miles an hour,) that neither the hare, the 
antelope, nor the race horse could keep up with him. 
No journey ever tires him; he is never heard to 
grumble or hiss, but for want of work ; the faster he 
goes, the more ravenously he feeds ; and for two 
years he can thus travel without medicine or surgery. 
It requires, however, about £2,000 a year to support 
him." 

For a list of the various hours of starting of the 
several railway trains, the reader is referred to the 
end of this book. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



CEMETERIES. 
RUSHOLME ROAD CEMETERY. 

This cemetery was established in 1821, and includes 
amongst its supporters many of the most respectable 
families in Manchester and its vicinity. It was first 
founded, and has been uniformly conducted, on the 
most liberal principles, and is resorted to by Episco- 
palians, Catholics, Friends, and Dissenters of every 
denomination, all parties being allowed, if so disposed, 
to bring their own minister, to use their own form of 
service, and to adopt their own mode of burial. 

The number of interments, from the commence- 
ment to the present time, amounts to upwards of 
29 ? 000 ; and the Registry of all the essential parti- 
culars connected with each is kept with the greatest 
distinctness and care. 

The public have free admission to visit the tombs 
and graves of their friends every day during working 
hours, and on every Sunday afternoon until the 
funeral services have closed. The registrar is the 
Rev. H. H. Jones. 

HARPURHEY CEMETERY 

Is a beautifully arranged burial ground, situate about 
two miles from Manchester, on the Middleton road, 
having ornamental gateways, sacristy, &c. The 
grounds cover a space of twelve acres. The Rev. 
Jonathan Wood is the registrar. 



180 ARDWICK CEMETERY. 

ARDWICK CEMETERY, 

As well as the last-mentioned, is a recent foundation, 
and occupies eight acres of land. It is situated on 
the Gorton road, and possesses a fine sandy soil. 
The proprietary is divided into 3,000 shares of £10 
each. The sum of £18,000 has been expended in 
the purchase of land, enclosing it, and in buildings. 
The Rev, James Bradley is the registrar. 



CHAPTER XV. 



VICINITIES OF MANCHESTER. 
SUBURBS OF THE TOWN. 

Those places may be mentioned as suburbs which, 
although in fact a continuation of the town, are 
separated from it by being distinct townships. These 
are, — Chorlton-upon-Medlock, on the Congleton 
road ; Ardwick and Longsight, on the London road ; 
Ancoats, on the Ashton road ; Miles Platting, on 
the Oldham road; Harpurhey, on the Rochdale 
road ; Cheetham Hill, on the Bury road ; Strange- 
ways and Broughton, on the new road to Bury ; 
Pendleton (adjoining Salford) on the Preston road ; 
and Hulme, on the Chester road. 

In several of these suburbs there are very pleasant 
localities. For instance, the Crescent, in Salford, is 
a fine range of good houses, commanding an exten- 
sive prospect ; and the high and elevated situation 
of the old road to Eccles, leading from Pendleton, 
renders it a most interesting neighbourhood. From 
places contiguous to it, beautiful and extensive pros- 
pects may be gained, not only of the towns of Man- 
chester and Salford, which appear to be on a plain, 
but also of more distant towns. The view is bounded 
by the Cheshire and Derbyshire chains of hills. 
Ardwick Green is another pleasing suburb, forming an 
imposing entrance into the town from the south, and 
is ornamented by a fine miniature lake, surrounded 
by handsome dwellings. The upper end of Oxford- 
road (Chorlton-upon-Medlock,) is also an excellent 
entrance into the town, and bears a strong resem- 
blance to the neighbourhood of London, on the 
Surrey road. 

The Victoria Park } which is one of the most 
Q2 



182 OLD HALLS. 

interesting places in the vicinity of Manchester, is 
situated about two miles from the town, in the town- 
ships of Rusholme, Moss Side, and Chorlton-upon- 
Medlock, and is comprised within a ring fence, which 
extends from the London road on the north, to the 
Oxford or Rusholme road on the south. It contains 
140 acres of land, and is the property of a company 
of gentlemen chiefly resident in Manchester and the 
neighbourhood, who are incorporated by an Act of 
Parliament (5th William IV.) The objects of the 
proprietors are to erect villa houses, at rents varying 
from £100 to £250 per annum, free from any pos- 
sible nuisances that in other situations may arise from 
the vicinity of smoke and manufactures ; and to 
combine, with the advantage of a close proximity to 
the town, the privacy and advantage of a country 
residence, which, in the rapid conversion of all the 
former private residences of the town into ware- 
houses, has long been deemed to be a desideratum. 

There are at present about fifty gentlemen's seats, 
either occupied or in progress of erection, in this 
park, as well as a church, which is intended to con- 
tain twelve hundred sittings. This building, which 
is to be of stone, and in the pure style of Gothic 
architecture, will be, when completed, a very hand- 
some edifice ; and placed as it is, exactly opposite 
the termination of Upper Brook-street, will become 
alike conspicuous and ornamental to the whole of its 
neighbourhood. 

There are in the park five miles of roads, laid out 
in crescents, terraces, &c, with ornamental planta- 
tions on either side ; so that a few years will produce 
a beautiful effect, and afford many attractions which 
have been hitherto unknown to Manchester. — The 
town offices of the company are in Brown-street. 
Mr. Everett is the secretary. 

OLD HALLS IN AND ABOUT MANCHESTER. 

This class of buildings are few, and some of the 



PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. 183 

edifices are much degenerated. Several of them are 
divided into separate dwellings, and are tenanted 
by persons of the poorer classes of society. Others 
have become semi-modernised, and consequently 
have lost their attractions ; a few only remain objects 
of interest, which, on account of their antiquity and 
good state of preservation, are worthy of inspection. 
Dr. Aikin enumerates the following : — 

Names. Date when occupation ascertained. 

Strangeways Hall Unknown. 

Broughton Hall Queen Elizabeth. 

Smedley Hall Unknown. 

Colly hurst Hall Charles the Second. 

Hough Hall Unknown. 

Garratt Hall Henry the Seventh. 

Old TraffordHall The Conquest. 

Oardsall Hall Unknown. 

Clayton Hall Charles the First 

Kersall Hall Unknown. 

Edgecroft Hall Queen Elizabeth. 

Clifton Hall Henry the Seventh. 

Birch Hall King John, 

Barlow Hall Henry the Sixth. 

Chorlton Hall Queen Elizabeth. 

Ancoats Hall Unknown. 

Hulme Hall The Conquest. 

The last mentioned forms the scene of Mr. Ains ■ 
worth's romance of " Sir John Chiverton." 

PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF 
MANCHESTER. 

The following is a list of the principal towns in the 
neighbourhood of Manchester, with their distances 
from this town, and their respective population. 

Stockport 7 Miles 70,000] 

Ashton 9 „ 35,000 1 

Stayleybridge 7 „ 4,000 | Estimated 

Bolton 12 „ 65,000' number 



Bury 8 „ 15,000 

Rochdale 12 „ 60,000 

Hyde 5 „ 8,000 

Oldham 7 „ 35,000 j 



of 
inhabitants. 



184 PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. 

Stockport is celebrated for cotton manufactures, 
hat making, &c. There are coaches to Stockport 
every hour from the Talbot Inn, Market-street. 

Ashton and Stayleybridge, celebrated also for their 
cotton mills, have conveyances to and from Man- 
chester every hour, from the Talbot Inn, Market- 
street. 

Bolton is celebrated for cotton mills, and iron and 
bleach works. Conveyances, by railway, from the 
station, New Bailey-street, Salford. 

Bury is celebrated for cotton mills, dyeing, iron 
works, and bleaching. There are coaches from the 
Corn Exchange Inn, Hanging-ditch. 

Rochdale is celebrated for woollens, flannels, cot- 
ton printing, &c. Conveyances, by railway, from 
St. George's-street, Oldham-road. 

Hyde and Denton are celebrated for cotton mills, 
hat making, &c. There are omnibuses from the 
Commercial Inn coach-office, Market*street. 

Oldham is celebrated for cotton mills, extensive 
collieries, &c. There are coaches from the Mosley 
Arms, Shudehill, and from the Old and New Boar's 
Head, Hyde's Cross. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



EMINENT PERSONS, WRITERS, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. 
EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. 

The following is a list of eminent persons and modern 
writers,* connected with Manchester, either by birth 
or residence : — 

Lord De la Warre, who was rector of Man- 
chester in the beginning of the 15th century, and 
founder of the Collegiate Church. He died in 1427. 

Hugh Oldham, bishop of Exeter, who died in 
1529, is supposed to have been a native of Man- 
chester. He was the founder of the Manchester 
Grammar School. 

John Bradford, a martyr, in the reign of Queen 
Mary, was born in the reign of Henry VIII. It is 
said of him, that " he was of a most gentle nature, 
and even his enemies wished for the preservation of 
his life." 

Doctor John Dee. This remarkable man was 
born in London, in 1527, and fixed his residence in 
Manchester, in 1596. He was accused of necro- 
mancy, although a warden of Christ's Church; and 
died miserably poor, in 1608. 

John Booker, the learned imposter, was born in 
Manchester, in 1601. He published " The Bloody 
Almanack," and " The Bloody Irish Almanack ; or 
rebellious and bloody Ireland discovered, in some 
Notes extracted out of an almanack printed in Wa- 
terford, for this year, 1646, &c." 

John Byrom, the inventor of a System of Short 

* Abridged from Wheeler's History of Manchester. 



186 EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. 

Hand, and a poet of considerable talents, was born 
at Kersall, near Manchester, in 1691. This gentle- 
man was a contributor to the Royal Society, and 
furnished three papers to the " Spectator." He died 
in 1763, aged 71. 

Dr. S. Ogden, vicar of Danurham, Wiltshire, 
was born in Manchester. This divine possessed 
great talent ; but was remarkable for his bluntness of 
manner and disposition. He died in 1778, aged 62. 

Dr. Thomas Percival, of whom the late arch- 
bishop of Dublin writes, u He was an author without 
vanity, a philosopher without pride, a scholar with- 
out pedantry, and a Christian without guile*" was 
born in Warrington, in 1740, and lived in Manches- 
ter a considerable portion of his life. He died in 
1804. 

The Duke of Bridgewater, born in 1736, 
a nobleman, whose name must ever be associated 
with Manchester. He projected and carried into 
execution the canal between Manchester and Run- 
corn, which bears his name. Although the Duke 
made a return to the income tax of £1 1,000 a year, 
(derived from his canal property and coal mines,) 
he lived, during many years, upon an expenditure 
of only £400 per annum. He practised this economy 
in order to embark all his resources in the national 
work which he had determined to complete. He 
died in 1803. 

Charles White, an eminent surgeon, who died 
in 1813; and Thomas Barritt, the famous anti- 
quary, who died in 1820, were both inhabitants of 
Manchester. 

Thomas Henry, a celebrated chemist, settled in 
Manchester, in the year 1764. To this gentleman, 
the world is indebted for many valuable discoveries 
in chemistry, as applied to the arts. He was a 
contributor to the " Transactions of the College of 
Physicians, London," and became a Fellow of the 



1 



EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. 187 

Royal Society in 1773. He died in 1816, aged 81 
years. 

Dr. Henry, son of the preceding, claims, on 
account of his proficiency in chemical science, a 
distinguished place in the Biography of Manchester 
Men* Lord Brougham, in his address to the Me- 
chanics' Institution in Manchester, in 1 835, referred 
to Dr. Henry in the most respectful terms as being 
his fellow-student. "I met," he said, "an old and 
worthy friend of mine, a man of great ability and 
learning, your townsman, Dr. Henry. We were 
fellow-collegians, and learned chemistry together — 
though, God wot, he learned a great deal more than 
I did." Dr. Henry died in 1836, aged 61 years. 

Dr. Dalton, born near Cockermouth in 1766, 
has been an inhabitant of Manchester upwards of 
forty years. His Meteorological Observations, — his 
discovery of the Atomic Theory, — and his profound 
Philosophical Acquirements, (especially in chemical 
science,) have gained for him the reverence and es- 
teem of the learned in all countries. He is member 
of various learned societies, and is the author of 
many scientific papers. The habits of perseverance 
and deep thought, acquired in his younger days, 
seem to have steadily increased with his years, and 
the old age of the venerable philosopher is conse- 
quently attended by these characteristics. 

Sir Robert Peel, Bart., the father of the pre- 
sent Baronet, was, for many years a merchant of 
Manchester. He was born in 1750, at Peel Fold. 
He was one of the earliest calico printers in the 
town, and acquired, by trade, an enormous fortune. 
He was the author of a pamphlet, entitled " National 
Debt Productive of National Prosperity ." He re- 
presented the Borough of Tamworth in parliament 
for many years, and died in 1830, at the age of 80 
years. 

Mrs. Fletcher, better known as Miss Jeivsbury, 



188 MODERN WRITERS. 

was a native of Manchester. Her literary pro- 
ductions " Lays of Leisure Hours," and " Letters to 
the Young," have been, and continue to be, de- 
servedly popular. She died in 1833. 

Henry Liverseege, born in Manchester, in 1803, 
was a promising artist. His paintings were ex- 
hibited in the Royal Academy, and indicated the 
the hand of a master. His death took place in 1832. 

Charles Swain, born in 1803, is a Manchester 
Man. Southey has said of him and his works, — 
" His poetry is made of the right materials. If 
ever man was born to be a poet, he was : and if 
Manchester is not proud of him yet*, the time will 
certainly come when it will be so." 

T. K. Harvey, the author of " The Devil's 
Progress, Poetical Sketch Book," and various other 
poetical productions, served a clerkship to the 
law in the town of Manchester. 

W. H. Ainsworth, the popular author of " Rook- 
wood," iC Jack Sheppard," and several other literary 
productions, is a native of Manchester, and 

De Quincey, the author of " Confessions of an 
English Opium Eater," is said to have been born in 
the house known as the Princes' Tavern, in Cross- 
street, corner of Princess-street, in Manchester. At 
the age of 15, De Quincey "not only composed Greek 
verses, in lyric metres, but could converse in Greek 
fluently and without embarrassment," so perfectly, 
that one of his own masters, who was himself a 
scholar, has said of him, " that boy could harangue 
an Athenian mob better than I could an English 
one." 

Mrs Marshall, authoress of several popular 
juvenile works, resides in Manchester. 

Robert S. M'All, LL. D., (the minister of the 
Independent Chapel, Mosley-street,) celebrated for 
his eloquence, and high literary and philosophical 
attainments, died in 1838. 






NEWSPAPERS. 189 

In a work, entitled " Manchester Poetry/' edited 
by Mr. James Wheeler, and published in Decem- 
ber, 1838, we find the following names connected 
with Manchester, either by birth or residence. Some 
of the names have been mentioned before, but we 
present them again, in order to furnish a list of the 
principal of those who have, at various times, 
avowedly been connected with the publication of 
poetry in Manchester. 

John Byrom. Samuel Bamford. 

Mrs. Fletcher. Ner Gardiner. 

Charles Swain. James Everett. 

Dr. M'All. Rev. Hugh Stowell. 

W. H Ainsworth. Rev. E. D. Jackson. 

Rev. R. Parkinson. Henry Wheeler. 

J. Riddall Wood. Rev. W. Gaskell. 

William Mort. William Harper. 



NEWSPAPERS. 

There are five newspapers published in Manches- 
ter, all of which are issued on Saturdays, with the 
exception of one only, which is published twice a 
week, the other day being Wednesday. The fol- 
lowing is a list of them, with a statement of their 
political bias : — 

The Chronicle and Standard, established in 1781, 
is published on Saturdays. The average circula- 
tion, according to the last Stamp-office return, for 
the first three months of 1839> was 2,923. Conser- 
vative politics. Office, St. Ann-street. 

The Guardian, established 1821, is published on 
Wednesdays and Saturdays. The average circula- 
tion is 5,615. Whig politics. Office, Market- 
street. 

The Courier, established 1825, is published on 
Saturdays. The average circulation is 4,61 5. Con- 
servative polities. Office, St. Ann's-square. 

The Times, established 1828, is published on 
R 



190 NEWSPAPERS. 

Saturdays. The circulation is 2,884. Whig poli- 
tics. Office, Ducie-place. 

The Advertiser, established 1828,' is published on 
Saturdays. The circulation is 4,000. Radical po- 
litics. Office, Market-street. 

There are also established two advertising papers, 
which profess to publish no political opinions, con- 
fining themselves merely to the diffusion of adver- 
tising matter. 

The following is a list of some of the earliest Lan- 
cashire newspapers : — 

The Liverpool Courant, printed by S. Terry, 
Dale-street ; No. 18, July 18th, 1712. Manchester 
Weekly Journal, printed and sold by Roger Adams ; 
No. 325, March 15th, 1725. Wliitwortlis Man- 
Chester Gazette; No. 1, December 22d, 1730. The 
British Courant, or Preston Journal, printed by 
James Stanley and John Moon, 1745. Harrop's 
Manchester Mercury; No. 1, March 3d, 1752. 
The Manchester Journal, printed by S. Scholfield 
and M. Turnbull ; No. 1, March 2d, 1754; and 
Williamsons Liverpool Advertiser ; No. 1, May 
28th, 1756. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



COMMERCIAL AND OTHER BUILDINGS, COMMERCE, 
ETC. 

THE EXCHANGE, * 

Market-street, is an important public building. 
It was opened to the public in 1 809. The area of 
the room in which the merchants assemble is 4,060 
feet, and the principal light is from a lofty semi- 
circular dome, the glass of which, it is reported, cost 
upwards of £140. There is, over the fire-place, a 
portrait, by Lawrence, of Colonel Thomas Stanley, 
formerly one of the representatives of the county. 
The number of subscribers to the Exchange, in Oc- 
tober, 1838, was 1,958 ; of which 1,386 resided in 
town, and paid two guineas per annum ; and 572 
were country manufacturers, who attend the Man- 
chester markets only three days a week : this class 
pay only twenty-five shillings per annum. Great 
complaints have been made, by subscribers, of want 
of room and accommodation ; but the committee of 
the Exchange have commenced a series of enlarge- 
ments that will, it is believed, leave no ground for 
complaint. Above the Exchange room is a large 
apartment in which public meetings are frequently 
held. There are also sundry other rooms in which 
are contained subscription libraries, &c. Strangers, 
by getting a subscriber to introduce them, may 
have access to the Exchange room for three days ; 
and the joint introduction of two subscribers is 
a passport for a month. The best time for seeing 
" high Change" is on a Tuesday, being marjgg; 



192 THE PORTICO, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ETC. 

day, about one o'clock, when a spectacle will pre- 
sent itself to the visitor, that cannot fail to excite 
ideas in his mind of the magnitude of the business 
transactions of Manchester merchants, and the rapi- 
dity with which they appear to dispose of them. 

THE PORTICO, 

Mosley-street, is a neat building, of the Ionic order, 
and was one of the first public buildings of modern 
Manchester. The date of its erection is 1806. It 
embraces a reading-room, in which are contained the 
public prints, and a library, which is tolerably ex- 
tensive. The institution is supported by some of 
the leading merchants and professional gentlemen of 
Manchester, who are also its proprietors. 

THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES 

Is an institution not requiring an extensive build- 
ing, and is located in the Arcade, Town Hall 
Buildings, King-street. It consists of upwards of 
300 of the most respectable merchants and tradesmen, 
who are " British subjects." Its objects are to pro- 
tect trade generally, and to watch more particularly 
over the commercial interests of the surrounding 
neighbourhood. On the introduction of matters into 
parliament affecting trade or manufactures the cham- 
ber is promptly on the alert ; and, in cases of emergency, 
has despatched deputations to confer with ministers. 
The subscription is one guinea per annum ; the in- 
come, consequently, is upwards of £300. So much 
practical benefit has accrued from the acts of this 
chamber, that similar institutions have been esta- 
blished, not only in this country, but even in India, 
with all of which the Manchester Chamber is in cor- 
respondence. Mr. Thomas Boothman, jun., is the 
secretary. 



CORN EXCHANGE. 193 



THE CORN EXCHANGE, 



In Hanging Ditch, is a handsome edifice, erected 
from a design which Mr. Lane adapted to it from 
that of a temple of Ceres, on the river Ilyssus. It 
is a pedimented frontispiece, of the Ionic order : 
six columns, the bases of which are seven feet above 
the pavement, and the pillars, twenty-one feet in 
height, support the pediment. The centre is flanked 
by small wings, divided and ornamented by pilas- 
ters, between which is an entrance door at each ex- 
tremity of the front The upper one only is gene- 
rally open ; the other being used occasionally, when 
large assemblages are collected in the room. The 
front work, seen between the columns, is of rustic 
work, rising about twelve feet above the basement, 
beyond which it is of plain stone. On entering the 
door, ascending a few steps, and passing through a 
covered lobby, the visitor finds himself in a spacious, 
well-lighted hall, well adapted to the purposes for 
which it was erected. This room measures, from 
the centre of the front to the back, about seventy 
feet ; and from side to side, about eighty feet ; and 
there is a small committee room at the back, com- 
municating with the Exchange room. The large 
room is separated into three avenues by the ranges 
of stands for the corn merchants, &c. Two ranges 
of light ornamental columns of cast iron support a 
roof in three compartments, the north side of each 
compartment being of glass, and thus the light is 
thrown direct on the tables, while the glare of the 
sun is avoided. This edifice, which cost £3,250, 
was opened in January, 1837, with a dinner, given 
by the shareholders and their friends. The area of 
the room is nearly 600 square yards, which, at four 
persons to the square yard, will give standing room 
to 2,400 persons. The room is used every Satur- 
day, for the purposes of a Corn Exchange, and is 
r2 



194 BANKS. 

let for lectures, floral exhibitions, and religious and 
other public meetings. Upwards of 800 persons are 
said to have been present at a dinner of the Anti- 
Corn Law Association in this room, in January, 
1839. 

BANKS. 

There are several old established Private Bank- 
ing Houses in Manchester, besides Joint Stock 
Banks. The following list of them may be useful 
to visitors: — 

Banks. Shares. Value. Paid up. 

Branch of Bank of England Private 

Sir Benjamin Hey wood & Co.... Private...* 

W. Jones, Loyd & Co Private 

Daintry, Ryle & Co Private 

Cunliffes, Brooks & Co Private 

Scholes & Co Private 

Bank of Manchester 74,103 £100 £10 

Manchester and Liverpool Dis- 
trict Banking Company 82,000 100 15 

Commercial Bank of England . . . 52,034 ...... 5 5 

Union Bank of Manchester 24,000 10 10 

Manchester and Salford Banking 

Company 25,210 20 10 

South Lancashire Bank 20,195 10 7£ 



THE SAVINGS BANK, 

Cross-street, King-street, established, January 31st, 
1818, for the purpose of affording to the labouring 
classes of the community, a secure and profitable 
investment for such sums of money as they may be 
able to save, has most admirably answered the design 
of its foundation. 

From the report of this bank, published in 1839, 
it appears that deposits to the amount of £337,880 
are placed to its debit. The total number of accounts 
at that time opened, was 11,862. The following 
tables may interest the reader : — 



BANKS. 



195 



Classification of Depositors, up to November 
20th, 1838. 

Males. Females. Total. 
Tradesmen, Shopkeepers, Artificers, 

Publicans, or their Wives 9206 ... 2568 ... 11774 

Persons employed in Factories, Ware- 
houses, or as Porters, &c 4789 ... 845 ... 5634 

Domestic Servants 930 ... 5370 ... 6300 

Widows 997 ... 997 

Minors 2083 ... 1856 ... 3939 

Weavers 1332 ... 389 ... 1721 

Labourers 864 864 

Farmers 473 ... 85 ... 558 

Other descriptions, not particularly 

specified 1382 ... 2468 ... 3850 

35637 

Friendly Societies 77 

Charitable Societies 189 



35903 



Classification of Single Deposits, from the 
commencement in 1818 to 1338. 

Deposits of £0 1 and not exceeding £0 5 17364 

Above 5 „ 10 6 17827 

„ 10 6 „ 110 31577 

,,110 „ 500 70557 

.,500 „ 10 26663 

„ 10 „ 20 16023 

„ 20 „ 30 11037 

„ 30 „ 40 648 

„ 40 „ 50 609 

„ 50 „ 100 689 

Exceeding 100 69 

193,062 

The bank is open for receiving deposits every 
Tuesday and Thursday from eleven to one, and 
from three to five o'clock ; and every Saturday from 
half-past nine to one, and from three to seven o'clock ; 
and for repaying the deposits every Saturday from 
half-past nine to one, and from three to seven o'clock. 
Open on Wednesdays for transacting business in 
Government Annuities only. 



196 GUARDIAN SOCIETY AND STAMP OFFICE. 



THE GUARDIAN SOCIETY, 

For the protection of trade against swindlers, &c. 
is an institution well supported, and affords to its 
members useful information on subjects likely to af- 
fect their interests. The subscription is trifling, and 
assists, after paying necessary expenses, in the crea- 
tion of a fund to defray the cost of such prosecutions 
as are instituted at the instance of the society. Mr. 
Cottam, Brazennose-street, is the secretary. 

THE STAMP OFFICE 

Is situate in Newall's Buildings, Market-street. It 
is the head office of a district which includes the fol- 
lowing towns, viz: — Stockport, Ashton, Oldham, 
Todmorden, Rochdale, Bolton, Bury, Preston, Gars- 
tang, Poulton-on-the-fylde, and Kirkham. John 
Shuttleworth, Esq. is the distributor. 

The publishers intended, with permission of the 
distributor, to give a series of tables, showing the 
amount of bill and receipt stamps and probate duty 
paid into the Manchester Stamp Office, by way of 
furnishing an incidental illustration of the extent of 
the trade in the manufacturing district, and the 
amount of revenue derived from the manufac- 
turing community by the tax laid upon bequests. 
On enquiry, however, it was found that, owing to 
various circumstances, such tables would, for the 
purpose intended, be very incomplete, and lead 
only to erroneous conclusions ; they are, therefore, 
omitted. 

The Table of Newspaper Stamps, &c. shews a 
remarkable progression in the amount issued within 
the short space of five quarters. 

The following extracts from the books kept at the 
Stamp Office may prove interesting : — 



POST OFFICE. 197 

Amount of duty paid into the Manchester Stamp Office on 
Stage Coaches of every description, for the quarters ended 
at the following dates : — 

April 5, 1838 £4950 15 9 

July 5, 1838 4731 13 7 

Oct. 10, 1838 6245 4 2 

Jan. 5, 1839 . 5607 10 6 

April 5, 1839 5208 11 10 

Account of the number of Newspaper Stamps issued from the 
Manchester Stamp Office, for the quarters ended as 
under : — 

Newspaper Stamps. Supplementary Stamps, 

April 5, 1838... 1,326,642 at Id, ... 19,000 at 0£d. 
July 5, 1838... 1,452,152 „ ... 44,500 „ 
Oct. 10, 1838... 1,614,587 „ ... 10,500 „ 
Jan. 5, 1839... 1,519,157 „ ... 4,300 „ 
April 5, 1839... 2,039,235 „ ... 36,500 „ 

Amount of duty for Advertisements paid into the Manchester 
Stamp Office, for quarters ending at the following dates : — 

April 5, 1838 £1168 11 2 

July 5, 1838 1200 18 7 

Oct. 10, 1838 1278 16 6 

Jan. 5, 1839 1098 19 6 

April 5, 1839 1107 19 6 

THE POST OFFICE* 

Is situate in the rear of the Exchange. R. Peel 
Willock, Esq. is the postmaster. The times of the 
arrival and departure of the mails are given in ano- 
ther place. A few particulars in relation to this 
department of the public revenue are here presented. 

* The number of franked letters passing through the Gene- 
ral Post Office, amounts to an eleventh of the whole— the 
total of chargeable letters being 78,000,000, while the franked 
are 7,036,000, annually. By adding 44,500,000 newspapers, 
we have the sura total of the material carried yearly by the 
mails. 



198 POST OFFICE. 

It appears from the statement of Mr. Bokenham, 
of the London Post Office, that, connected with the 
Manchester Post Office, there are twenty -three letter 
carriers ; and that within the limits of their rounds, 
a sum, for postage, amounting to £891 was collected, 
on a fair average week in the early part of 1 839. 
Of this sum, £530 was paid by subscribers to the 
boxes, at the windows of the office. These boxes 
are let for one guinea each per annum, and into them 
the letters for the subscribers are collected and de- 
posited. The subscribers amount, in number, to 
nearly 1000. 

" It might have been expected that the greater 
facility of personal communication between Liver- 
pool and Manchester, afforded by the Railroad, 
would have diminished, in a very sensible degree, 
the number of letters passing between the two towns ; 
such, however, is not the fact, the post office revenue, 
derived from such letters, having been actually in- 
creased more than six per cent., as appears by the 
following statement : — 

Amount of Postage. Cost of Conveyance. 

1828 £13,342 £223 

1829 12,759 223 

1830 12,701 223 

Average 12,964 223 

Amount of Postage. Cost of Conveyance. 

1831 £13,506 £465 

1832 13,336 535 

1833 14,556 645 

Average 13,799 540 

" In 1835, the gross receipts of the post office re- 
venue for the United Kingdom, in the undermen- 
tioned towns, omitting the fractions, were as follow: — 



POST OFFICE. 199 

London £664,189 

Birmingham 30,802 

Bristol 33,730 

Hull 15,219 

Leeds 22,192 

Liverpool 82,639 

MANCHESTER 64,373 

Nottingham 9,098 

Sheffield 12,215 

Edinburgh 41,959 

Glasgow 39,954 

Dublin 69,862 

Belfast 10,971 

Cork 13,022 

" The total expense of collecting the postage re- 
venue in 1835, was nearly £600,000. The total 
nett revenue for the same year, amounted to nearly 
one million and a half"* 



Porter's Progress of the Nation. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



WAREHOUSES, MECHANICS, ETC. 
WAREHOUSES. 

To form a proper conception of the commercial 
character of Manchester, a visit should be paid to 
the Exchange on a Tuesday, and a tour made among 
the warehouses. Beginning with Cannon-street and 
looking through the openings right and left till he 
reaches High-street, the visitor will find ample 
material for observation. He may then enter 
High-street, and perambulate Church-street, Bread- 
street, Bridgewater-buildings, New High-street, 
Spring-gardens, Fountain-street, York-street, Mos- 
ley-street, George-street, cum multis aliis, and the 
bustle and activity, the loading and unloading of 
waggons, the carriers' carts waiting to receive 
packages, and the dyers' and bleachers' vans waiting 
to deliver pieces, the waggon-loads of cotton,, the 
immense iron-hooped bales for exportation, drawn 
along the streets, which, with the most hasty glance 
he cannot fail to notice, will convey to his mind an 
idea of the amazing amount of commerce that is 
daily transacted. 

There are several firms in Manchester who each 
make sales to the extent of one million sterling per 
annum, and who employ in their respective establish- 
ments nearly fifty salesmen and clerks. Within the 
last few years Mosley-street contained only private 
dwelling-houses : it is now converted almost entirely 
into warehouses ; and the increasing business of the 
tovvn is rapidly converting all the principal dwelling- 
houses which exist in that neighbourhood into mer- 



WAREHOUSES. 201 

cantile establishments, and is driving most of the 
respectable inhabitants into the suburbs. So great, 
about the year 1 836, was the demand for such conver- 
sions, that some of the land in Mosley-street, in- 
tended for warehouse erections, sold for a rental of 
14s. per square yard per annum! On land pur- 
chased at so high a rate new buildings have generally 
been erected ; and, to make the most of it, a more 
than usual number of warehouses are raised on a 
limited space, the towering height of which make 
up for their contracted width. The exterior of 
many of the Manchester warehouses and places of 
business are very imposing and, in some instances, 
beautiful. The noble warehouses of Messrs. Potter 
and Norris, in George-street ; of Messrs. Wood and 
Westheads, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Henrys', in Port- 
land-street; Messrs. Crafts and Stell, in Nicholas- 
street, are of the former description ; whilst the 
Manchester and Salford Bank, in Mosley-street ; 
the South Lancashire Bank, in York-street ; and 
the warehouse belonging to Messrs. Hargreaves, 
Dugdale, and Co. 5 in Meal-street, are of the latter. 

It should be observed, that Manchester has drawn 
within itself a considerable portion of the silk trade, 
and this branch of commerce is in a flourishing con- 
dition. To get his mind thoroughly impressed with 
the magnitude of the manufactures of Manchester, the 
visitor should take a walk among the mills ; and what- 
ever his notions may be respecting their smoke and 
steam, and dust, he will be compelled to indulge in 
feelings of wonder at their stupendous appearance. 

Many of these mills are immense buildings, raised 
to the height of six, seven, and eight stories, erected 
at an expense of many thousands of pounds, and are 
filled with machinery, costing as many more. The 
capital sunk in a single mill will sometimes be 
£50,000, and frequently is as much as £100,000. 
Some of the mills contain nearly 2,000 hands. A 



202 MILLS AND FACTORIES. 

visit to one of the largest mills, if an introduction 
can be procured, is a gratifying treat. The rooms 
are kept in the most perfect state of cleanliness, 
and the strictest order and regularity prevail. 
Every operation is performed by rule, and the sub- 
division of labour is carried out in the most minute 
manner. 

After the mills, the foundries and machine-mak- 
ing, and steam-engine establishments, present attrac- 
tions of the highest interest to strangers. 

THE MILLS AND FACTORIES OF MANCHESTER 

Are of various sorts ; viz. : — Cotton spinning mills, 
Silk spinning mills, Woollen spinning mills and fac- 
tories, Smalhvare factories, and Power-loom weav- 
ing factories. 

It is not our purpose to supersede the use of a 
Directory, by giving a catalogue of these mills ; nor 
can we point out any mills in particular, where stran- 
gers are admitted : indeed, it may be as well to re- 
mark, in order to save trouble and prevent disap- 
pointment, that it will be impossible to gain admis- 
sion into the mills, unless the applicant has a letter 
of introduction from some person known to the pro- 
prietors. Nothing short of almost intimate ac- 
quaintance with the mill proprietors will ensure ad- 
mission, The objection generally entertained is 
not founded so much upon a fear of admitting 
persons who might take away with them information 
that the mill owners wish to monopolize, as it pro- 
ceeds from the fact, that visitors occupy the time of 
an attendant, and disturb the attention of the ope- 
ratives throughout the mill. The loss accruing from 
this cause is frequently more than can readily be 
calculated. If the stranger, reading this, have letters 
of introduction, well ; if not, he had better content 
himself with viewing the exterior of these immense 



COTTON MILLS. 203 

hives of industry. To enable him to do so readily, 
we will direct his steps to an interesting cluster of 
mills, situate in Chorlton-upon-Medlock, leading 
out of Oxford-street, on the right hand, on the 
banks of the river, including the large pile known as 
the Oxford-road Twist Co.'s Mill, in that street. 
Among these buildings are the extensive 

Cotton Mills 

Of Messrs, Birley & Co., in which, including build- 
ings and machinery, since their erection, several 
hundred thousand pounds of capital have been sunk ! 
A few particulars respecting the mills belonging to 
Messrs. Birley & Co. may not be uninteresting, es- 
pecially as they will convey an idea of the capital 
employed* by a single establishment, certainly one of 
the largest in Manchester. The number of hands em- 
ployed by this firm is 1,600, whose wages annually 
amount to the sum. of £40,000. The amount of 

* Mr. Farey, in his " Treatise on the Steam-Engine," 
says: — "An extensive cotton mill is a striking instance of 
the application of the greatest powers to perform a prodigious 
quantity of light and ' easy work. A steam-engine of 100 
horse power, which has the strength of 880 men, gives a rapid 
motion to 50,000 spindles, for spinning fine cotton threads : 
each spindle forms a separate thread, and the whole number 
work together, in an immense building, erected on purpose, 
and so adapted to receive the machines, that no room is lost. 
750 people are sufficient to attend all the operations of such 
a cotton mill ; and by the assistance of the steam-engine, they 
will be enabled to spin as much thread as 200,000 persons 
could do without machinery, or one person can do as much 
as 266. The engine itself only requires two men to attend 
it, and supply it with fuel. Each spindle in a mill will pro- 
duce between two and a half and three hanks (of 840 yards 
each) per day, which is upwards of a mile and a quarter of 
thread in twelve hours; so that the 50,000 spindles will pro- 
duce 62,500 miles of thread every day, of twelve hours, which 
is more than a sufficient length to go two and a half times 
round the globe." 



204 COTTON MILLS. 

moving power is equivalent to the labour of 397 
horses. The number of spindles in the mills is about 
80,000. The annual consumption of raw cotton is 
about 4,000,000 lbs. weight! The annual consump- 
tion of coal is 8,000 tons. It will perhaps excite 
surprise in a person unacquainted with the nature of 
machinery, when informed that the annual consump- 
tion of oil,* for the purpose of oiling the machinery, 
is about 5,000 gallons ; and the consumption of 
tallow, for the same purpose, 50 cwt. The annual 
cost of gas is £600. One room alone, belonging to 
this firm, contains upwards of 600 power-looms. f 
Besides the hands engaged in the cotton department, 

* Sperm oil is very extensively used in the mills in Manches- 
ter and the neighbourhood. With reference to the importance, 
as a branch of commerce, of the Sperm Whale Fishery, we find, 
in No. 126 of the Quarterly Review, that, " from the port of 
London alone, an average of 70 sail of fine ships, of a burthen 
ranging from 300 to 400 tons, are annually on the look-out 
for spermaceti whales." "In 1823, the first introduction of 
sperm oil from the Australian colonies took place, the princi- 
pal part of which was brought from Sydney ; and when, in 
1836, the imperial measure was introduced, we find that the 
enormous quantity of sperm oil altogether imported into Lon- 
don during that year, amounted to 6083 tons !" — See Beale 
on the Natural History and Fishery of the Sperm Whale. 

t The following statement of the progress of the power- 
loom is taken from Mr. Baines's " History of the Cotton 
Manufacture :" — 

" In 1813 there were not more than 2,400 power-looms in 
use ; yet this was enough to alarm the hand -loom weavers, 
who, attributing to machinery the distress caused by the or- 
ders in Council and the American war, made riotous opposi- 
tion to all new machinery, and broke the power-looms set up 
at West Houghton, Middleton, and other places. Neverthe- 
less, the great value of the power-loom having now been 
proved, it was adopted by many manufacturers, both in Eng- 
land and Scotland ; and it will, no doubt, in time, supersede 
the hand-loom. The rapidity with which the power-loom is 
coming into use is proved by the following table, the parti- 
culars of which were stated by R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P., in 



COTTON MILLS. 205 

the following description of mechanics are employed 
in this mill : — 



Millwrights. 


Painters. 


Mechanics. 


Moulders, 


Joiners. 


Turners. 


Bricklayers. 


Smiths. 


Plumbers. 





The establishment in which the fabric is manu- 
factured for water-proof clothing, such as " Macintosh 
Cloaks" belongs tb Messrs. Birley and Co. and is a 

the House of Commons, on the 13th of May, 1830, and which 
rest on the authority of Mr. Kennedy : — 

" NUMBER OF POWER-LOOMS IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, 
In 1820. In 1829. 

In England 12,150 45,500 

In Scotland 2,000 10,000 



Total 14,150 55,500 

" ESTIMATED NUMBER OF POWER-LOOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 

In 1833. 

In England 85,000 

In Scotland 15,000 



Total 100,000 

** While the number of power-looms has been multiplying 
so fast, the hand looms employed in the cotton manufacture 
are believed not to have diminished between 1820 and 1834, 
but rather to have increased. 

" In the former year they were estimated by Mr Kennedy 
at 240,000. In 1833, Mr. Grimshaw, a spinner and manu- 
facturer of Colne, gave his opinion before the Committee of the 
House of Commons on manufactures, &c, that the number of 
hand-loom cotton weavers in the kingdom was about 250,000 ; 
whilst Mr. George Smith, manufacturer, of Manchester, esti- 
mated them at only 200,000. In the year 1834, several in- 
telligent workmen and manufacturers, from Glasgow, gave 
evidence to the Commons' Committee ' on hand-loom 
weavers,' that there were 45,000 or 50,000 hand-loom cotton 
weavers in Scotland alone." — Porter sProyr ess of the Nation. 
"' s2 



206 COTTON MILLS. 

part of their concern. The number of hands era- 
ployed in this business, varies from 200 to 600. 
The immense amount of 250,0001bs. weight of Indian 
rubber is annually consumed in the process of manu- 
facture, to dissolve which, 1 00,000 gallons of spirits 
are employed. 

The method of paying the wages of the work- 
people in Messrs. Birley and Co.'s establishment, is 
one that is worthy of imitation, and ought to be 
made known. By procuring a large amount of sil- 
ver and copper every week, each individual receives 
his or her wages separately before leaving the pre- 
mises, thus obviating the necessity of going to the 
public-house or beer-shop to seek change, a practice 
much too general on the Saturday evenings. To a 
stranger the paying of so large a number of work- 
people would appear a work of some difficulty, but 
so excellent are the arrangements, that the whole 
amount is counted and distributed for payment, by 
one individual, in about two hours. 

Dr* Ure remarks, " A well-arranged power mill 
combines the operation of many work-people, adult 
and young, in tending with assiduous skill a system 
of productive machines, continuously impelled by a 
central force. How vastly conductive to the com- 
mercial greatness of a nation, and the comforts of 
mankind, home industry can become, when no longer 
proportioned in its results to muscular effort, which 
is by its nature fitful and capricious, but when made 
to consist in the task of guiding the work of mecha- 
nical fingers and arms, regularly impelled with equal 
precision and velocity by some indefatigable physical 
agent, is apparent to every visitor of our cotton, flax, 
silk, wool, and machine factories. This great era in 
the useful arts is mainly attributable to the genius of 
Arkwright. Prior to the introduction of his system, 
manufactures were everywhere feeble and fluctuating 
in their developments, shooting forth luxuriantly for 



SILK MILLS. 207 

a season, and again withering almost to the roots, 
like annual plants. In our spacious factory apart- 
ments the benignant power of steam summons around 
him his myriads of willing menials, and assigns to 
each the regulated task, substituting for painful mus- 
cular effort upon their part the energies of his own 
gigantic arm, and demanding in return only attention 
and dexterity, to correct such little aberrations as 
casually occur in his workmanship. Under his 
auspices, and in obedience to Arkwright's polity, 
magnificent edifices, surpassing far in number, value, 
usefulness, and ingenuity of construction, the boasted 
monuments of Asiatic, Egyptian, and Roman des- 
potism, have, within the short period of fifty years, 
risen up in this kingdom, to shew to what extent 
capital, industry, and science, may augment the re- 
sources of a state, while they meliorate the condition 
of its citizens. Such is the automatic system, replete 
with prodigies in mechanics and political economy, 
which promises in its future growth to become the 
great minister of civilization to the terraqueous globe ; 
enabling this country, as its heart, to diffuse along 
with its commerce the life-blood of knowledge and 
religion to myriads of people still lying in the region 
and shadow of death/' — Dictionary of A/ts, fyc. 

Silk Mills. 

One of the most interesting of these mills in 
Manchester is that belonging to Mr. Louis Schwabe, 
situate in Portland-street. Mr. S. spins, or throws, 
and dyes his own silk, and manufactures nearly all 
descriptions of silk damasks and brocades. The silks 
for the decoration of the most magnificent apartments 
in the mansions of the nobility, and also of the royal 
palaces, are furnished from this concern ; some of 
these splendid silks sell as high as seven guineas per 
yard. To produce this work, which is held in so 
much estimation, the Jacquard machine is principally 



208 SMALLWARE MILLS. 

employed, and also the machines for embroidering ; 
the latter are only in use at this establishment, as 
Mr. S. now holds the patent for this invention. Under 
the superintendence of Mr. S., the productions of this 
beautiful machinery have been brought to such per- 
fection, that any quantity of the most complicated 
embroidery, comprising an infinite variety of brilliant 
colouring, can be produced, and, when compared 
with the years of constant and fatiguing exertion 
consumed in producing work of a similar description 
in former times, in a very short space of time. 

Small ware Mills. 
In these establishments, of which there are several 
in Manchester, the articles of cotton, worsted, and 
silk tapes are very extensively manufactured. To 
trace the various processes a piece of tape passes 
through, and the various employments it affords, 
before it comes into the market, is a very curious and 
interesting occupation. Beginning, then, with the 
first commercial operations, — the cotton used in the 
manufacture of tapes, having been warehoused in 
Liverpool, is sold on account of the importer, and 
bought to the order of the manufacturer by cotton 
brokers. It is conveyed by canal or railway to 
Manchester ; and when delivered at the works of the 
purchaser, is weighed, assorted, mixed, and spread, 
with a view to obtain equality in the staple. It is 
then taken to the willowing machine to be opened 
and rendered floculent ; thence it is transferred to 
the blowing machine, which cleanses it from dust, 
and makes it feathery. Attached to the blower is a 
lapping apparatus, by which the cotton is taken up 
and laid in a continuous fleece upon a roller, in order 
that it may be conveniently carried to the carding 
engine, there to be made into a fleece of the most 
equable texture possible ; hence it is handed to the 
drawing frame, where it is blended with the pro- 



SMALLWARE MILLS. 209 

duction of all the carding engines connected with 
the particular set or system to which it belongs. It 
is next passed through the slubbing frame, afterwards, 
through the jack or roving frame, and then through 
the throstle or spinning frame, upon which it is made 
into yarn or twist. From the throstle, the yarn, if 
intended for warp, is forwarded to the winding 
frame, but if intended for weft, to the reeler ; after- 
wards, that which is wound is delivered to the 
warper, that which is reeled, to the pin winder. 
The weaver next operates upon it, passes it through 
the loom, rubs up the tape, and consigns it to the 
taker-in, who examines the fabric, and transfers it 
to the putter-out, who sends it to the bleacher. 
When bleached, it is handed to the scraper, whose 
business it is to take out the creases, and open the 
tape, by running it under and over iron scrapers. 
This having been done, the piece is put through the 
callender, when it is pressed between hot bowls and 
rendered smooth and glossy. It is next taken to the 
lapping department, where it is neatly folded by 
young women, after which, the maker-up forms the 
pieces into parcels, containing the required quantity, 
and places them in a powerful press to make them 
compact. He next papers them, and sends them to 
the warehouse, for sale. 

Thus in its progress, from the raw material, a 
piece of tape has afforded employment to the broker 
of the merchant, to the broker of the manufacturer, 
to the carrier, to the mixer of the cotton, to the ten- 
ters of the willow, of the blower, of the carding en- 
gine, of the drawing frame, slubbing frame, roving 
frame, and throstle; to the doffer, bobbin-winder, 
reeler, warper, pin-winder, weaver, taker-in, putter- 
out, bleacher, scraper, callender-man, lapper, maker- 
up, and salesman ; or, to at least twenty-five per- 
sons before it leaves the warehouse of the manufac- 
turer, where 12 pieces, of 18 yards each, or 216 



210 STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 

yards of cotton tape, of nearly half an inch in width, 
and containing 9? 170 yards of yarn, are sold for 
eighteenpence ; or 12 yards of finished tape, con- 
taining 509 yards of yarn, for the small sum of one 
penny. 

Some idea of the extent to which this manufacture is 
carried on in Manchester may be formed from the 
fact, that, at the works of Messrs. Wood and West- 
heads, upwards of 1,240,000 yards of goods, not ex- 
ceeding three inches in width, and composed partly 
or entirely of cotton, linen, silk, or worsted, are 
woven in one week, or upwards of 35,227 miles in 
one year. 

Steam Engine-making, and Engineering, 

One of the principal establishments in Manchester, 
in these departments, is that belonging to William 
Fairbairn, Esq., situate in Canal-street, Great 
Ancoats-street. To persons unacquainted with the 
nature of working in iron, an admission into these 
works affords, perhaps the most gratifying spectacle 
which the town can present of its manufactures 
in this metal. Consequently, almost every person 
of distinction visiting the town contrives to procure 
an introduction to the proprietor before leaving it. 
In this establishment the heaviest description of ma- 
chinery is manufactured, including steam engines, 
water wheels, locomotive engines, and mill geering. 
There are from 550 to 600 hands employed in the 
various departments ; and a walk through the exten- 
sive premises, in which this great number of men 
are busily at work, affords a specimen of industry, 
and an example of practical science, which can 
scarcely be surpassed. In every direction of the 
works the utmost system prevails, and each mechanic 
appears to have his peculiar description of work 
assigned, with the utmost economical subdivision of 
labour. All is activity, yet without confusion. 



STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 211 

Smiths, strikers, moulders, millwrights, mechanics, 
boiler makers, pattern makers, appear to attend to 
their respective employments with as much regularity 
as the working of the machinery they assist to con- 
struct. 

In one department mechanics are employed in 
building those mighty machines which have aug- 
mented so immensely the manufacturing interests of 
Great Britain, namely, steam engines. All sizes and 
dimensions are frequently under hand, from the di- 
minutive size of 8 horses' power, to the enormous 
magnitude of 400 horses' power. One of this latter 
size contains the vast amount of 200 tons or up- 
wards of metal, and is worth, in round numbers, 
from £5,000 to £6,000. 

The process of casting metal is conducted here on 
a very large scale. Castings of 12 tons weight are 
by no means uncommon : the beam of a 300 horses' 
power steam engine weighs that amount. Fly- 
wheels for engines, and water-wheels, though not 
cast entire, are immense specimens of heavy castings. 
A fly-wheel, for an engine of 1 00 horses' power, mea- 
sures in diameter 26 feet, and weighs about 35 tons. 
In this establishment some of the largest water- 
wheels ever manufactured, and the heaviest mill- 
geering, have been constructed ; one water-wheel, 
for instance, measuring 62 feet in diameter. The 
average weekly consumption of metal in these works 
in the process of manufacturing, owing to the quan- 
tity of wrought-iron used, and the immense bulk of 
the castings, is 60 tons or upwards, or 3,120 tons 
annually. 

The preparation of patterns, — wood fac-similes 
of the castings, — is a very costly process. Every 
piece of machinery, before it can be cast, must be 
constructed in wood ; and these patterns^ as they 
are termed, are made to form, in sand, the mould 
into which the liquid ore is poured. Fifty men are 



212 STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 

daily employed in making patterns. The patterns, 
which are part of the proprietor's stock in trade, 
are worth many thousand pounds. After being 
used, the most important are painted and var- 
nished, and laid carefully aside, in a dry room, to 
be ready for use when machines may accidentally 
get broken, or to aid in the construction of new ones. 
The patterns are made frequently of mahogany. 

A most curious machine is employed for the pur- 
pose of planing iron ; and, by means of its aid, 
iron shavings are stripped off a solid mass of metal 
with, apparently, as much ease as if it were wood, 
and with the greatest regularity and exactness. Not 
the least interesting department of these works is 
that appropriated to boiler making. Boilers, for 
steam engines, are composed of a number of plates 
of wrought-iron, about §■ of an inch in thickness. 
They are riveted together, with rivets about J of an 
inch diameter, holes to receive which are punched 
through the plates, by a powerful, yet simple, ma- 
chine, with as much facility as if the resistance was 
mere air. The process of riveting was, on the old 
method, an extremely noisy one ; but a new plan is 
adopted here, and by it the work is performed silent- 
ly, and much more efficiently. Some time ago about 
50 boiler makers were employed by Mr. Fairbairn. 
They " struck," as it is termed, because their em- 
ployer infringed, as they considered, upon their pri- 
vileges, by introducing a few labourers, not in " The 
Union," to perform the drudgery connected with the 
work. On this occurring, Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. 
Robert Smith invented a machine which superseded 
the labour of 45 out of the 50 of his boiler makers. 
The work is performed by the machine much 
quicker, more systematically, and, as before said, 
without noise. 

This extensive concern forwards its manufactures 
to all parts of the world. The stranger is told, on 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE MAKERS, ETC. 213 

enquiry, that this article is for Calcutta, that for the 
West Indies ; this for St. Petersburgh, that for New 
South Wales : and there are, besides, men belonging 
to it located in various parts of Europe, who are 
employed, under the direction of Mr. Fairbairn, in 
superintending the erection of work manufactured on 
these premises. 

Many of the hands employed receive from £2 to 
£3 weekly wages, and scarcely any, except common 
labourers, receive less than 25s. per week.* From 
these facts, some idea of the capital necessary to 
conduct a concern of this description may be 
imagined. 

In addition to the above, Mr. Fairbairn has an 
establishment at Millwall, London, where upwards 
of 400 hands are employed in the manufacture of 
steam engines, and in the building of iron steam 
boats, and other vessels constructed of the same 
material. 

In the Manchester establishment, Mr. Fairbairn 
and Mr. Eaton Hodgkinson have conducted various 
important experiments, which have been published 
from time to time in the " Transactions of the Man- 
chester Philosophical Society,'' and in the " Reports 
of the British Association." 

Locomotive Engine and Tool-makers. 

Under this head may be classed several extensive 
works, in and about Manchester, f One of the 
largest is that possessed by Messrs. Nasmyths, Gas- 
kell, & Co., situated at Patricroft, four and a half 
miles distant from Manchester, and immediately ad- 
joining the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad, at 

* The total weekly wages amount to nearly one thousand 
pounds ! 

t Messrs. Sharp, Roberts, & Co 's, Messrs. Peel, Williams, 
and Co 's, are among the first in importance. 

T 



214 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE MAKERS, ETC. 

that part where it crosses the Bridgewater Canal, 
which great national work forms the boundary or 
frontage of the ground on which the above establish- 
ment is erected, and which, in consequence, has 
been named, " The Bridgewater Foundry." 

These works have a frontage to the railroad, as 
well as to the canal, to the extent of 1,050 feet ; 
which circumstance supplies every possible facility 
for communication, either by land or by water car- 
riage. One of the " stopping stations" of all the 
second class trains being opposite, persons desirous 
of visiting these works, can be set down at the 
entrance gate. The distance in time, from Man- 
chester, is only from ten to fifteen minutes. 

The above establishment is of very recent erec- 
tion, having been in existence only about two and a 
half years. There are employed at present about 
300 men ; the greater part of whom, together with 
their families, live in cottages which the proprietors 
have erected for their accommodation. The situa- 
tion of these works is not only most admirably 
adapted for the purposes for which they have been 
erected, but it also secures, in a great degree, good 
health to the men employed ; for, being surrounded 
on all sides with green fields, and being, moreover, 
on the west side of Manchester, a very long lease of 
pure air is secured ; a circumstance of no small im- 
portance, as regards the health and comfort of the 
workmen employed. 

The whole of this establishment is divided into 
departments, over each of which a foreman, or a 
responsible person, is placed, whose duty is not only 
to see that the men under his superintendence pro- 
duce good work, but also to endeavour to keep 
pace with the productive powers of all the other 
departments. The departments may be thus speci- 
fied : — The drawing office, where the designs are 
made out ; and the working drawings produced, 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 215 

from which the men are to receive the necessary 
information Then come the pattern-makers, whose 
duty is to make the patterns, or models, in wood, 
which are to be cast in iron or brass : next comes 
the Foundry, and the iron and brass moulders ; then 
the forgers or smiths. The chief part of the pro- 
duce of these two last named pass on to the turners 
and planers, who, by means of most powerful and 
complete machinery, execute all such work on the 
various articles as require either of these operations ; 
besides which, any holes that are required are at this 
stage bored, by a great variety of drilling machines, 
most of which are self-acting. Then come the fit- 
ters and filers, who, by means of chisels and files, 
execute all such work as requires manual labour, 
and perform such delicate adjustments as require the 
individual attention of the operative : in conjunction 
with this department is a class of men called 
erectors, that is, men who put together the frame- 
work, and larger parts of most machines, so that the 
two last departments, as it were, bring together and 
give the last touches to the objects produced by all 
the others. A machine having passed through these 
departments, is now ready for a coat of paint, which 
having received, it is taken to pieces (after all the 
parts are marked, so as to enable its being put 
together when it arrives at its destination), the 
bright parts are smeared with tallow, and, if required, 
placed in packing cases, which are then handed over 
to the foreman of the labourers, who, by means of 
the crane or railroad, place them in the canal boat 
or railway waggon. 

With a view to secure the greatest amount of 
convenience for the removal of heavy machinery 
from one department to another, the entire establish- 
ment has been laid out with this object in view ; and 
in order to attain it, what may be called the straight 
line system has been adopted, that is, the various 



216 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 

workshops are all in a line, and so placed, that the 
greater part of the work, as it passes from one end 
of the foundry to the other, receives, in succession, 
each operation which ought to follow the preceding 
one, so that little carrying backward and forward, or 
lifting up and down, is required. In the case of 
heavy parts of machinery, this arrangement is found 
exceedingly useful. By means of a railroad, laid 
through, as well as all round the shops,* any casting, 
however ponderous or massy, may be removed with 
the greatest care, rapidity, and security. Thus nearly 
all risk of those frightful accidents, which sometimes 
occur to the men, is removed. The railroad sys- 
tem is now beginning to be as much attended to, 
and its advantages felt in concerns of this nature, as 
it is in the transit of goods and passengers. 

Nearly one uniform width is preserved throughout 
all the workshops of this extensive concern, namely, 
70 feet ; and the height of each is 21 feet to the beam. 
The total length of shops on the ground floor, already 
built,, amounts, in one line, to nearly 400 feet. There 
are, besides, four flats of the front building, each 12 
feet high, 100 feet long, and 60 feet wide. Into these 
rooms a perfect flood of light is admitted by very 
large windows on the side walls, as well as through 
sky-lights in the roof. 

The Foundry occupies one portion of this build- 
ing, namely, 130 feet by 70 feet, in which great 
apartment or hall there is not a single dark corner : 
a point of vast importance where the operations are 
conducted with a black material, namely, the mould- 
ing sand. The iron is melted in one or more of four 
cupolas, according to the weight of the casting. The 
cupolas vary from three to six feet in diameter, and 
when all are in active operation, melt thirty-six tons of 
iron. The great cauldron, or pot, in which the 

* Abbreviation of " work-shops." 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 217 

metal is contained, is placed, during its transit from 
the furnace, on a carriage, which moves along a rail- 
road in front of the four cupolas ; and thus any por- 
tion of melted metal can be received and conveyed, 
with the most surprising rapidity and ease, to any 
point of the surface of this great hall. These great 
pots contain, at times, each six or seven tons of 
melted iron, and, by means of a crane, whose 
arms sweep every part of the foundry, are handed 
from place to place as if wholly devoid of weight. 
The crane posts are two great cast-iron columns, 
around which the crane arm swings. The columns 
serve at the same time as supports to the roof, and 
by proper ties, the strain of such great weights is 
diffused over the whole building, and each brick 
made to share the load. The blast of air for the 
furnaces is supplied by a fanner, 5 feet in diameter, 
made to revolve at the rate of 1,000 revolutions per 
minute, the air or blast being conveyed under ground 
in a brick tunnel, from which it is distributed to 
each furnace by sheet-iron pipes, varying from three 
to nine inches, according to the size of the furnace 
at work at the time. 

There are at present fifty -six turning lathes, of 
all sizes, at work in this establishment, several of 
which are what is called self-acting,* — that is, the 

* " We may here with propriety say a word on the subject 
of self-acting tools, the more so because it is by means of these 
admirable adaptions of human skill and intelligence that we 
are giving to the present age its peculiar and wonderful cha- 
racteristic, namely, the triumph of mind over matter. 

" By whom or when the slide principle was first intro- 
duced we need not now enquire ; suffice it to say that, by 
means of this principle, a most wonderful substitute has 
been found for the human hand in the fabrication of al- 
most all parts of mechanism, whether the substance to be 
operated upon weighs tons or grains. The slide principle is 
that which enables a child, or the machine itself, to operate on 
masses of metal, and to cut shavings off iron, as if it was de- 
T 2 



218 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 

work has only to be placed in the lathe, and the 
tool set, and the machine does the remainder of the 
work with unerring accuracy and ease. 

Planing machines are extensively used here. The 
immense power of one of these machines may be 
imagined, when it is considered that the amount of 
resistance against the edge of the knife which planes 
the iron is, in a large machine, as much as thirty 
tons. This fact leads to the consideration of the 
hardness of the instrument which has to encounter, 
for perhaps a day together without becoming in- 
operative, this immense resistance. By means of 
this admirable machine every variety of geometri- 
cal figure can be produced with the most absolute 
accuracy — such as the plane, the cylinder the cone, 
and the sphere. And as all possible varieties of 
machinery consist merely of these figures in com- 
bination, there is now every facility for producing 
whatever may be required. 

Besides the manufacture of every description of 
engineers' tools, another branch of business for 

prived of all hardness, and so mathematically correct that even 
Euclid himself might be the workman ! It is by the slide 
principle that we are enabled to fix a steel cutter into an iron 
hand, and constrain or cause it to move or slide along the 
surface of a piece of metal in any required direction, and with 
the utmost precision. By means of this principle all the 
practical difficulties hitherto encountered in the extending and 
improving of machinery generally, were, at one blow, cleared 
away. By its means the formation of every geometrical figure 
became a matter of the greatest ease, and a principle of abso- 
lute and unerring exactness took the place of manual dexterity. 
" The impulse given by the slide principle, to the manufac- 
tures of this country, in the construction of machines 
for forming other machines, can scarcely be imagined. 
On the application of an unerring principle to machine- 
making machinery — which tools may be defined to be — the 
mechanical energy of Great Britain, sprang forward at once 
to that supreme station which she now maintains, and which, 
if her artisans keep pace with the times, she will ever retain." 
— Note by a Practical Engineer. 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC 219 

which this establishment has been erected, is that of 
locomotive engines,* a branch of business which is 
rapidly acquiring great importance, and which will 
have few rivals as to magnitude. Lancashire 
appears to be completely taking the lead in this 
manufacture, which, from its very nature, can be 
carried on only on a large scale. 

From this establishment machinery is sent to all 
parts of the world. One of its customers is the Pasha 
of Egypt, who has had made here, for the use of his 
arsenal, a neat low-pressure engine. He intends em- 
ploying it to bore cannon, which he finds still neces- 
sary, to keep his refractory neighbours in subjection. 

Respectable persons desirous of seeing the inte- 
rior of the establishment, will, we are enabled to 
state, at all times find the most ready admission, by 
an application at the works. — (See Frontispiece.) 



In this small volume, — which is not intended to 
trench upon the ground occupied by several valu- 
able works,f recently published, having relation to 
Manchester and its manufactures, — the want of 
space prevents any lengthened remarks upon the 
productions of the u great workshop," as Manchester 

* The room occupied by the steam, in a locomotive boiler, 
is ordinarily equivalent to ten cubic feet, Ten cubic feet of 
water will produce in steam, when expanded to the density of 
the atmosphere, as much as would occupy 18,000 feet of 
space. The steam is confined in the boiler by a pressure 
three times that of the atmosphere, so that, escaping from its 
confinement, it expands to three times the space it there oc- 
cupied. 

t Persons wishing for information on Manchester and its 
manufactures may, with advantage, consult Wheeler's History 
of Manchester. Barnes's and Dr. Ure's History of the Cotton 
Manufacture, Dr. Ure's Philosophy of the Cotton Manufac- 
ture, and the volumes in Lardners Cyclopadia on Working in 
Silk, and in Metals, will be found collaterally useful, as well 
as various mechanical works and publications on the Steam 
Engine. 



220 BLEACHING, DYEING, ETC. 

has been termed. The specimens we have presented 
may possibly prove interesting, at least to the stran- 
ger. It should be borne in mind, however, that 
they are only specimens, — mere samples of that 
materiel^ if we may so speak, of which this manu- 
facturing and mechanical town is composed. It 
would be an easy matter to take more samples from 
the bulk. These we have presented, not merely 
because they are among the first of their kind — but 
because we have been so circumstanced as to be 
able to obtain the descriptions of them with a con- 
siderable degree of accuracy. Having introduced 
their importance to the notice of the reader, we 
must refer him to other works for more detailed par- 
ticulars. The kindred trades of bleaching, dyeing, 
and calico printing, are carried on very extensively 
in the suburbs of the towns. These trades are 
among the most useful of the arts, and the first 
scientific talent that the kingdom can boast is em- 
ployed in many concerns, in experimenting on, and 
in improving, their various processes. 

With bleaching the name of the late Dr. Henry's 
father must ever be associated. He was the first 
who introduced into Manchester the discovery 
made by a French chemist, of the uses of oxy- 
muriatic acid and chlorine, in whitening cloth — 
" a discovery which soon led to a complete revolu- 
tion in the trade of this town and neighbourhood." 
The arts of dyeing and calico printing* have re- 

* " In consequence of the duty imposed upon printed 
cottons, we are acquainted with the quantity which has under- 
gone the process at different periods in England, up to the 
year 1831, when the duty was wholly repealed. 

The quantity printed in 1796 was... 20,621,797 yards. 

In 1800, it had increased to 32,869,729 „ 

In 1814, it had further increased to... 124,613,472 „ 

And in 1830, had reached to 347,450,299 „ 

Being more than ten times the quantity printed at the begin- 
ning of the century/'— Porter s Progress of the Nation, 



BLEACHING, DYEING, ETC. 221 

ceived great assistance from such men of science 
as Drs. Dalton, Warwick (the inventor of the colour 
called " Warwick green"), and Henry ; and Messrs. Da- 
vies, Thompson, Mercer, and others, including Ber- 
thollet, the celebrated French chemist ; and in most 
of the establishments in which these arts are wrought 
out, some one or more of the principals are, practi- 
cally, men of eminent scientific talent ; in fact, it is 
almost indispensable that they should be, in order 
that the trades be rendered profitable* In connexion 
with calico printing, it may be observed, that many 
persons earn large sums by designing new patterns 
for this branch of trade. Such persons should, how- 
ever, possess a knowledge of chemistry, or they may 
spend much labour in vain. It is an easy matter to 
depict beautiful patterns ; but unless the colours which 
they may contain be arranged according to chemi- 
cal principles, to work the designs would be im- 
practicable. To talented designers, high prices are 
paid for patterns. Many persons gain a livelihood 
by importing from France, the moment they make 
their appearance, small pieces of the newest patterns 
of prints. These they offer to the calico printers, 
who usually purchase them at high rates. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



REGISTRATION OFFICES — STARTING OF THE RAILWAY 

TRAINS POST-OFFICE REGULATIONS — OMNIBUSES 

— HACKNEY COACH STANDS AND REGULATIONS — 
COACH OFFICES — HOTELS AND INNS — POLICE DIS- 
TRICTS — CHARTER, AND WARDS UNDER THE 
CHARTER. 

REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.* 

As neglecting to register births, marriages, and 
deaths, according to the Registration Act, may, 

* In the appendix to the first annual report of the Registrar 
General, there is an abstract of the causes of death, drawn up 
by Mr. Fan, the author of the article Vital Statistics, in Mr. 
M'CuUoch's " Statistical Account of the British Empire. 
A new classification of diseases is given, well adapted to sta- 
tistfcal purposes, with a uniform system of names, which, it 
is recommended, should be adopted in all the registers. The 
following are some of the causes of death in the halfyear 
ending December 31st, 1837. The total deaths registered 
were 148,701, the causes not having been specified in 7,094 
cases : — 

Males. Females. Total. 

Consumption 12,968 14,786 27,754 

Convulsions (chiefly infants) ... 5,798 4,931 10,729 

Typhus fever 4,439 4,608 9,047 

Pneumonia, or inflammation of 

the lungs 3,187 2,637 5,824 

Small-pox 3,050 2,761 5,811 

Measles 2,340 2,392 4,732 

Hooping-cough 1,277 1,767 3,044 

Scarlatina 1,238 1,282 2,520 

Child-birth 1,265 1,265 

Violent deaths 3,605 1,240 4,845 

Sixteen persons died of hydrophobia, and 13 of them were 
males ; 15 were struck dead by lightning (in the autumn 
quarter) — 11 were males, and 4 females. The deaths of 63 



REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, ETC. 



223 



owing to the want of accurate information, cause 
inconvenience to many persons, we have subjoined 

persons were ascribed to starvation ; of 85 to intemperance. 
Males appear by the registers to be more intemperate than 
females — for, of the 85 who died by intemperance, 70 were 
males, and 15 females : 67 males and 12 females died of gout ; 
86 males and 9 females of trembling delirium, or what is 
sometimes called drunkard's delirium. 

It has been well known, since the time of Dr Price, that 
the mortality is higher in town than in country districts ; but 
it had not been directly ascertained to what classes of diseases 
the excessive mortality was due. The appendix to the report 
exhibits in two comparative tables the diseases of the town 
and country population ; the difference is principally in the 
epidemic class, such as typhus, small-pox, &c. and in convul- 
sions, and other infantile diseases. The following table ex- 
hibits the relative mortality of females for the half year, in 
several large cities : 

Of the relative Mortality of Females in Leeds, Birmingham, 
Manchester, London, Liverpool, and in England and Wales. 
— Annual deaths to 100,000 living. 



Epedemic, &c. diseases 

Sporadic diseases : — 

Typhus 

Of the nervous system 

Of the respiratory organs 

Phthisis 

Of the organs of circulation ... 

O f the digestive organs 

Of the urinary organs 

Of the generative organs 

Of the joints 

Of the integumentary system.. 

Of uncertain seat 

Old age 

Violence 

Unspecified diseases 



369 

115 

309 
515 
401 
9 
127 
7 

58 
16 



■9*3 

go 

§1 



418 

126 
250 
623 
494 
54 
214 



166 

138 

35 

55 



229 

156 

45 

48 



All causes '1804 21012378 259032891972 



565 

180 
414 
722 
510 
13 
209 
3 

58 

19 

4 

161 

128 

42 

40 



-iP 

CD to 



697 

196 

400 

657 

402 

33 

177 

4 

52 

14 

2 

270 

218 

32 

34 






1110 

339 
544 
860 
670 

20 

228 

1 

58 
7 

10 
214 
163 

40 

10 



459 

129 

284 

551 

415 

19 

133 

4 

42 

12 

3 

232 

197 

35 

V.p. 



224 REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, ETC. 

the following extracts, from an " Explanatory Notice" 
on the subject, issued from the General Registry 
Office, London, in September, 1 837, which will af- 
ford useful information : — 

Births. 

" The birth of any child, born after June, 1837, 
may be registered by the Registrar of the District 
in which the child was born, within six weeks after 
the birth, without any payment being required. 
After six weeks, and within six months, the expense 
of registering will be 7s. 6d. After six months, the 
birth cannot be registered at all. 

" It is advisable that parents causing the births of 
their children to be registered before baptism, should 
state to the Registrar the name by which they in- 
tend they shall be called, which will save the trouble 
and expense of having the baptismal name inserted 
in the Register afterwards. When a child is bap- 
tized before registration of birth, it is not necessary 
to obtain a certificate of baptism, and to shew it to 
the Registrar. A certificate is requisite only when 
the child is baptized after registration of birth, and 
the parties, having previously stated no name, or a 

Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile. 

Leeds 2,624 

Birmingham 31,487 

Manchester and Salford 4,799 

Metropolis 23,864 

Liverpool and West Derby 4,617 

England and Wales 265 

These facts may throw some light upon the factory ques- 
tion. It appears, for instance, that the mortality is higher in 
Liverpool than in Manchester ; yet the air of Liverpool is 
famous for its salubrity, and the Manchester division abounds 
in a manufacturing population. In 1831 the population of 
the Liverpool division was 218,233 ; that of the Manchester 
division, 236,935 ; yet the deaths in the year ending June 30, 
1838, were in an inverse ratio, namely, in Liverpool, 9,042, 
in Manchester, 8,373. — Courier. 



REGISTRARS OF DEATHS AND MARRIAGES. 225 

different one, wish to go a second time to the Re- 
gistrar to have the baptismal name inserted." 

Deaths* 

"Every death after June, 1837, may be regis- 
tered at any time, by the Registrar of the District 
in which it took place, tvithout any payment being 
required. It ought, if possible, to be registered be- 
fore burial ; and a certificate of registry should be 
obtained from the Registrar (who is bound to give 
it tvithout payment), and given to the minister offi- 
ciating at the funeral^ who, if this is not done, will 
for so officiating be liable to a fine, unless within 
seven days ha gives notice to the Registrar. 

" Persons bringing a corpse, without certificate of 
registry, for interment, at a distance from the place 
where the death occurred, should inform the minister 
of the name and address of the Registrar of the Dis- 
trict in which that place is situated ; and persons 
who are without other means of ascertaining the 
name and address of the Registrar of any District, 
may do so by application by letter to " the Regis- 
trar General, General Register Office, London," 
communicating the name of the parish ; in reply to 
which the name and address of the Registrar for 
that parish (if there is only one Registrar) will be 
sent by letter, free of postage, by the general post." 

Marriages. 

" Persons may be married as before, according to 
the rites of the Church of England, by licence, by 
special licence, or after publication of banns. Per- 
sons may also be married, according to the rites of 
the Church of England, without publication of banns, 
on production of a Superintendent Registrar's certi- 
ficate. 

" Persons may also be married otnerwise than ac- 
u 



226 REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 

cording to the rites of the Church of England,- in a 
registered place of worship, or at the Superinten- 
dent Registrar's office, on production of a Superin- 
tendent Registrar's licence, or certificate. A mar- 
riage by licence «may be solemnized fourteen days 
sooner than by certificate. All requisite informa- 
tion respecting the steps to be taken for obtaining 
a certificate or licence, will be given on application 
by the Superintendent Registrar of the District. 

" At the General Register Office in London, on 
demand, and on payment of 3s. 6d., any person may 
obtain a copy of the entry of any birth, death, or 
marriage, registered in any part of England or 
Wales, which copy being stamped with the seal of 
the Office will be ' received as evidence of the birth, 
death, or marriage to which the same relates, with- 
out any further or other proof of such entry.' " 

Registrars, &c, for the Manchester Division. 

LOCAL OFFICERS. 

Manchester Division — Wni, Johns, Esq., M.D., 
Superintendent Registrar; Register Office, 7, Lloyd- 
street, Cooper-street; hours of attendance, from 10 
till 4 o'clock, daily, (Sundays excepted.) 

REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 

1. Ancoats District, known as Police District, 
No. 1,— John Bennett, surgeon, 42, Mill-street, An- 
coats; hours of attendance, from 8 till 10, a.m., 1 
till 3, and 4 till 6, p.m. 

2. St. George's District, known as Police Dis- 
trict, No. 2, — Thomas Worthington, surgeon, 7? Old- 
ham-road, New Cross ; hours of attendance, from 
half-past 10 till 1, and 6 till 8. 

3. Market-street District, comprising Police Dis- 
tricts, Nos. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12, — Richard Webb, 
solicitor, 18, Brown-street; hours of attendance, 
from 8 till 10, a.m., and 12 till 2, p.m. 



REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 227 

4. London Road District, comprising Police 
Districts, Nos. 4 and 7, — Joseph Ashbury Smith, 
surgeon, 24, Piccadilly ; attendance all day. 

5. Deansgate District, comprising Police Districts, 
Nos, 10, 11, 13, and 14, — George Moody, accountant, 
27, Cooper-street ; hours of attendance, from 8 till 
10 a.m., 2 till 3, and 6 till 7, p.m. 

6. Cheeiham District, comprising Cheetham, 
Broughton, and Crumpsall, — Thomas Robinson, as- 
sistant overseer, Cheetham. 

7. Prestwich District, comprising Prestwich, 
Great Heaton, and Little Heaton, — Daniel Hope, 
assistant overseer, Prestwich. 

8. Blackley District, comprising Blackley and 
Harpurhey, — Luke Smethurst, overseer, Blackley. 

9. Failsworth District, comprising Fails worth 
and Moston, — Joseph Lancashire, corn-dealer, Fails- 
worth. 

10. Newton District, comprising Newton, Bes- 
wick, and Bradford, — Samuel Lancashire, post-mas- 
ter, Newton Heath. 

DEPUTY REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 

1. Ancoats District, Albany Featherstonhaugh, 
42, Mill-street, Ancoats. 

2. St. George's District, William Cowgill, 5, 
Oldham-road, New Cross. 

4. London Road District, W. R. F. Lane, 24, 
Piccadilly. 

5. Deansgate District, William Viner Johns, 7, 
Lloyd-street, Cooper-street. 

REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. 

Manchester Division, William Viner Johns, 7, 
Lloyd-street, Cooper-street; and Richard Webb, 
18, Brown-street. 

Marriages may be solemnized at any of the under- 
mentioned places, or at any Church in Manchester, 



228 REGISTRARS, ETC. FOR CHORLTON-ON-MEDLOCK. 

Cheetham, Prestwich, Blackley, or Newton, by giv- 
ing notice to the Superintendent Registrar : — 

Register Office 7, Lloyd-street, Cooper-st. 

Cross-street Chapel Cross- street. 

St. Augustine's Chapel Granby-row, 

Christ Church Every-street, Ancoats. 

Independent Chapel Cannon -street. 

St. Marys Chapel Mulberry- street. 

St. Chad's Chapel Rook-street. 

St. Patrick's Chapel Livesey-street. 

Grosvenor -street Chapel ...Grosvenor-street. 

Independent Chapel Mosley-street. 

Lloyd-street Chapel Lloyd-street. 

New Jerusalem Church Peter-street. 

York-street Chapel York-street. 

Scotch Church St. Peter's- square. 

Particular Baptist Chapel.. St. George's- road. 
Day and Sunday Schools... Lower Mosley-street. 
New Connexion Chapel ...Oldham-street. 
Tabernacle Gartside-street. 



Registrars, &c v for Chorlton-upon-Medlock 
Division. 

Chorlton Division. — Mr. John Latham, jun., 
Superintendent Registrar ; office, Town Hall, Chorl- 
ton-upon-Medlock ; open from 10 till 4. 

REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 

Chorlton-upon-Medlock Disfrict. — P. H. Hol- 
land, surgeon, 108, Grosvenor-street; hours of at- 
tendence, 9? a.m. 2 and 6, p.m. 

Hulme District, comprising Hulme and Moss- 
side, — Mr. John Pownal, schoolmaster, York-street, 
Hulme ; hours of attendance, from 9 till 4. 

Ardwick District, comprising Ardwick, Rusholme, 
Lavenshulme, Gorton, and Openshaw, — Thomas 
Flanagan, Garden-street, Union-street, Ardwick. 

Stretford District, comprising Stretford and 
Chorlton- cum-Hardy, — T. H. Bagshaw, schoolmas- 
ter, Stretford. 



REGISTRARS, ETC. FOR SALFORD. 229 

Didsbury District, comprising Didsbury, With- 
ington, and Burnage, — S- Gaskell, Didsbury. 

REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. 

Thomas Flanagan, Ardwick, and John Pownall, 
Hulme. 

Registrars, €cc, for Salford Division. 

District of Salford Union. — Mr. John Hope, 
Superintendent Registrar, Town Hall, Salford. 

REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 

Regent Road District — Mr. B. Youngman, 34, 
Oldfield-road, Salford. 

Greengate District — Mr. J. Hill, St. Stephen's- 
street, Salford. 

Pendleton and Pendlebury District. — Mr. Allen, 
1, Chester-place, Pendleton, Salford. 

Barton and Worsley District. — Mr. F. Maudley, 
Superintendent Registrar, 33, Hampson-street. 

Barton-upon-Irwell District. — John Cheadle, 
High-street, Eccles. 

Worsley and Clifton District. — John Berry, 
Old Clough-lane, Worsley. 

Flixton, Urmston, Irlam, and Cadishead Dis- 
trict Rev. W. A. Cave, Flixton. 

Patricroft District. — Mr. W. Lewis, Patricroft. 

REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. 

J. Hill, St. Stephen's-street, and W. Lewis, Patri- 
croft. 

Marriages may be solemnized at any of the under- 
mentioned places, or at any church in Salford, Bar- 
ton, and Worsley, by giving notice to the Superin- 
tendent Registrar. 

SALFORD DISTRICT. 

Independent Chapel Chapel-street, Salford. 

Ne \Zitz.* ndevmien *. \ New winds ° r ' saif ° rd - 

u 2"" 



230 LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS. 

New Jerusalem Temple .Bolton- street, Salford. 

Unitarian Meeting -House Greengate, Salford. 

BARTON AND WORSLEY DISTRICT. 

Independent Chapel Barton -upon-Ir well. 

Independent Chapel, Monton Green, Barton-upon-Irwell. 

All- Saints Roman Catholicl m re a -d <. r n 

qi j > Irafford, Barton-upon-IrwelL 

Notice respecting Marriages. 

On the 6th of June last, the Superintendent Regis- 
trars received a Circular from the Registrar General, 
as follows : — 

1 Sir, — In consequence of an opinion which I have received 
from the Law Officer of the Crown, I hereby direct, that 
from this time forward you do not issue a Certificate for any 
Marriage to be solomnized in a district in which neither of 
the parties intending Marriage reside at the time of giving 
notice: — I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, 

J. H. LISTER, 
1 To the Superintendent Registrar. Registrar General.' 



LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS, 
ETC. 

The following are the times of departures from 
Liverpool-road, Manchester : — 

From Manchester to Liverpool. 



First Class. 

Morning. 

„ 
15 „ 

Afternoon. 

„ 
15 Evening. 



Second Class. 
7 30 Morning. 

10 

11 45 „ 

2 45 Afternoon.* 
5 30 

7 50 Mixed, and stops 
only at Newton and Parkside. 



ON SUNDAYS. 



First Class. 

Morning. 

Afternoon. 
15 Evening. 



Second Class. 
7 Morning. 
5 30 Afternoon. 
7 15 Mixed, and stops 
only at Newton and Parkside. 



' Except on Sundays, when this train does not start^till 3. 



LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS. 231 

FARES. 

By first class train, four inside, Royal Mail £0 6 6 

By first class train, six inside, Glass Coach 6 

By second class train, Glass Coaches 6 

By second class train, Open Carriages 4 6 

For the conveyance of four-wheeled Carriages, each 10 

For the conveyance of two-wheeled Carriages, each 15 

For the conveyance of one Horse 14 

For the conveyance of two Horses 10 

For the conveyance of three Horses 14 

From Manchester to Preston and Wig an. 

7 30 Morning Second class train. 

9 ,, First class train. 

11 15 „ First class train. 

2 45 Afternoon..... Second class train. 

5 ,, Mixed train. 



ON SUNDAYS. 



7 
5 30 



Morning I Mixed trains 

Afternoon J Mixed trains. 



FARES. 



To Preston, first class £0 7 6 

,, second class 5 

To Wigao, first class 5 

,, second class 3 6 

From Manchester to Bolton. 

9 Morning First class train. 

11 15 ,, First class train. 

2 45 Afternoon Second class train. 

5 30 ,, Second class train. 

ON SUNDAYS. 

7 Morning ~) Q , . . ■-. 

5 30 Afternoon |Second class trains. 

FARES. 

First class carriages £0 2 6 

Second class carriages 2 

From Manchester to St. Helens. 

7 30 Morning ") 

10 „ | 

1145 „ j> Second class trains. 

2 45 Afternoon | 

5 30 „ : J 



232 GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS. 

ON SUNDAYS. 

7 Moraine; > a , , . . 

5 30 Afternoon | Second class trains. 

FARES. 

Inside £0 4 

Outside 3 

From Manchester to Runcorn Gap. 

2 45 AfteToon:::.:::::::::.\\\\'::::.\l Secoiidciass trains - 

ON SUNDAYS. 

5 30 S^^ tpains - 

FAEES. 

Inside £0 4 

Outside 3 

For better security, passengers are requested to take 
carpet bags and small packages inside the carriages ; 
and every description of luggage must be plainly and 
fully d irected . The weight allowed for each passenger is 
60 lbs., beyond which a charge at the rate of 3s. per 
cwt. is made. 

Parcels for Wigan, Preston, and the North, are 
booked at the Parcel Office, Market-street. 

GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. 

The following are the times of departure, from the 
Station, Liverpool-road, as regulated on the 20th of 
June, 1839:— 

From Manchester to Birmingham and London. 

3 30* a. m. first class, joins London train at 8 30 a. m. 

6 a. m. mixed class, ,, 12 a^m. 

8 15 a. m. first class, „ 1 15 p. ML 

10 30 a. m. first class, „ 3 30 p. M. 

12 15 p. m. first class. 

4 p. m. mixed. 

7 p. m. first class, ,, 12 a. v. 

* The 3 30 a. m. train from Liverpool, starts from the 
station, Edge Hill, to which place any passenger wishing to go 
by this train must proceed to take his place. 



GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS. 233 

ON SUNDAYS.* 

3 30 a. m. first class, joins London train at 8 30 a. m. 

8 15 a. m. mixed, „ 1 15 p. m. 

10 30 a. m. „ 
7 p. m. „ „ 12 A. M. 

By the trains at 8 15 a. m. 10 30 a. m. and 7 p.m. 
on week-days, and at 8 15 p. m. on Sundays, first 
class passengers, horses, and carriages, may, if re- 
quired, be booked throughout to London (but not to 
any other place on the London and Birmingham 
line,) without a change of carriages at Birmingham ; 
but only a certain number can be booked by each 
train in this manner : and no horses can be booked 
further than that town, unless they belong to a car- 
riage or passenger accompanying one of the above- 
mentioned trains. 

Horses and carriages should be at the station and 
booked at least a quarter of an hour before the time 
of departure. 

FARES TO BIRMINGHAM. 

Four inside Coach £1 3 

Six inside first class Coach 1 1 

Second class closed Carriages 17 

Third class open Carriages, by 6 a. m. train 11 

Children under 10 years of age half price. 

Children in the arms .free. 

One Horse 2 

Two Horses, if one property, and in one box 3 

Three Horses, if one property, and in one box 4 

Dogs, each ! 3 

Gentlemen's Carriages, four wheels 3 

Gentlemen's Carriages, two wheels 2 

Passengers in Private Carriages 17 

Servants 14 

Grooms in charge of Horses, if ridiug in same box... 14 
Servants in attendance on their Employers may ride 
outside, if there be room, by first class trains, at 

second class fares, namely 17 

* The trains on Sundays stop at first class stations only. 



234 MANCHESTER AND BOLTON RAILWAY TRAINS. 



FARES FROM BIRMINGHAM TO LONDON. 

Day Trains. Night Trains. 

Four inside Coach £112 6 £112 6 

Six inside Coach 1 10 1 12 6 

Passengers in Private Carriages 1 1 5 

Servants 10 15 

One Horse 2 10 

Two Horses, if one property, and in one box 5 

Three Horses, if one property, and in one box 6 

Gentlemen's Carriages , 3 15 

Passengers ought to see that their luggage is 
safely loaded on the carriages before starting, and 
that it is legibly directed with the owner's name, 
address, and destination. 

MANCHESTER AND BOLTON RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. 

The departures from the Railway Station, New 
Bailey- street, Salford, are as follow : — 

From Manchester to Bolton. 

First Train, 7 a.m., not stopping on the road. 

Second Train, 8 a.m., stopping at Pendleton Bridge Sta- 
tion; Dixon Fold Station; Stoneclough Station; and 
Moses- Gate Station. 

Third Train, 9 a.m., not stopping on the road. 

Fourth Train, 10 a.m. stopping at the stations. 

Fifth Train, 11 a.m., not stopping on the road. 

Sixth Train, half-past 1, stopping at the stations. 

Seventh Train, 4 p.m., not stopping on the road. 

Eighth Train, 5 p.m., stopping at the stations. 

Ninth Train, 6 p.m., not stopping on the road. 

Tenth Train, 7 p.m., stopping at the stations. 

ON SUNDAYS. 

First Train, 8 a.m., stopping at the stations. 
Second Traiu, 6 p.m., stopping at the stations. 

FARES FROM MANCHESTER TO BOLTON. 

First Class Coaches..... 2s. 6d. 

Second Class ditto Is. 6d. 

Children under seven years of age Half-price. 

The charge for parcels are regulated by weight and size. 
Passengers may be booked at the Company's Station, in Man- 
chester, for all parts of the North. 



MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY TRAINS. 235 
MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. 

This Railway, at present, extends only to Little- 
borough. Passengers for Todmorden, Yorkshire, 
and the North, are booked at Messrs. Lacy and Al- 
len's coach offices, Royal Hotel, Market-street, Man- 
chester ; and leave by the Trains at 8, 9, and 1 1 o'clock 
in the morning, and at 1, 4, and 6 o'clock in the 
afternoon. The Highflyer, Defiance, Celerity, 
Duke of Leeds, Cornwallis, Perseverance, and the 
Miller coaches await the arrival of the Trains at 
Littleborough, and proceed forward immediately. 

FROM MANCHESTER. 

8 o'clock morning. 1 o'clock afternoon. 

9 o'clock do. 4 o'clock do. 

10 o'clock do. 6 o'clock do. 

11 o'clock do. 7 o'clock do. to Rochdale only. 

FARES. 

To Mills Hill :— 

First Class Is. 6d. 

Second Class Is. Od. 

Third Class 0s. 6d. 

To Rochdale : — 

First Class 3s. Od. 

Second Class 2s. Od. 

Third Class Is. 0d. 

To Littleborough : — 

First Class 4s. Od. 

Second Class 2s. 6d. 

Third Class Is. 6d. 

Children under seven years of age, for first-class 
carriages, are charged second-class fare ; for second 
class carriages, third-class fare. There is no reduc- 
tion for the third-class carriages. Infants in the 
arms are not charged. 

Omnibuses are in attendance at St. George's-st. 
Station, to convey passengers to the Grand Junction 
and Liverpool Railways ; and coach passengers are 
taken by Messrs. Lacy and Allen's omnibuses to the 
Royal Hotel, gratis — (July 15, 1839.) 



236 POST OFFICE REGULATIONS. 

POST OFFICE REGULATIONS. 

The following are the arrivals and departures of 
the principal Mails at this office, as regulated on the 
21st of June, 1839:— 

Arrivals. Departures. 

London 6 45 a. m 6 45 p.m. 

„ 7 15 p. m 3 15 a.m. 

Bristol and West of England... 6 45 a. m 6 45 p. m. 

Birmingham 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. 

,, 4 15 p. m 10 15 a. m. 

„ 7 15p.m 6 45 p.m. 

Edinburgh, Glasgow, Carlisle, 

and Preston 6 15 a. m 3 15 a.m. 

„ 8 45 p. m 4 p.m. 

Liverpool 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. 

,, 8 35 a. m 8 45 a. m. 

„ 12 35 p. m 11 a.m. 

,, 3 35 p. m 145 p.m. 

„ 6 20 p. m 4 45 p.m. 

,, 8 45 p. m 7 p.m. 

Ireland 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. 

, 8 35 a. m 4 45 p. m. 

„ 3 35 p.m. 

Leeds, York, and Hull 2 30 a. m 7 45 a. m. 

„ 3 15 p. m 9 p. m. 

Derby, Nottingham, & Leicester 3 45 a. m 6 45 p. m. 

„ 3 45 p. m 9 a. m. 

Arrivals. Departures. Box closes. 

Altrincham 4 15 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

Ashton and Glossop 4 30 p.m. ... 7 a.m. ... 6 30 a.m. 

„ 10 p.m. ...9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

Blackburn 8 a.m. ... 5 p.m. ... 4 30 p.m. 

Bolton 8 45 a.m. ... 6 45 a.m. ... 6 30 a.m. 

,, 4 45 p.m. ... 8 45 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

„ 6 45 p.m. ... 4 45p.m. ... 4 30p.m. 

Burnley, Bury, & Colne 4 45 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

Bury 10 15p.m. ... 5 15p.m. ... 4 30p.m. 

Oldham 4 20 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

„ 10 0p.m. ... 5 0p.m. ... 4 30p.m. 

Stockport 5 p.m. ... 6 30 a.m. ... 6 15 a.m. 

„ 10 p.m. ... 5 15 p.m. ... 4 30p.m. 

Wilmslow 4 5 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. 

The letter-box closes for the principal London, 
Birmingham, and Western Mail, at six o'clock in the 
evening, 

For the second London and foreign bags, and the 



OMNIBUSES, STAGES, ETC. 237 

other Mails departing at a quarter past three in the 
morning, the box closes at twelve at midnight. 

Letters can be forwarded, if received five minutes 
before the time of departure, on the payment of the 
usual fee. 

The first and principal delivery of the London, 
Birmingham, Western, Irish and Scotch letters, and 
also those from Preston, Leeds, York, &c, com- 
mences at eight o'clock in the morning. 

The carriers deliver letters three times a day in 
the town, and are also despatched to Radcliffe, Prest- 
wich, Stand, and Whitefield, every morning (Sun- 
days excepted) at nine o'clock. 

Bags are brought from the following receiving- 
houses, twice a day, namely, at half-past seven in the 
morning, and at four in the afternoon, but on Sun- 
days at half-past seven o'clock only : — T. Dickin, 
saddler, Downing-street, Ardwick ; P. Sherran, 
shopkeeper, New Windsor ; T. Hilton, 117, Chapel- 
street, Salford ; L. Parkinson, grocer, Husholme- 
road ; R. Wood, druggist, Great Ancoats-street ; 
W. Johnson, grocer, Knott-Mill ; F. Newton, 
Every-street, Ancoats* 

OMNIBUSES, STAGES, ETC. 

To several of the suburbs of Manchester there are 
Omnibuses, Stages, &c, regularly plying. The 
usual charge is sixpence each passenger, whether in- 
side or out. 

The following are a list of Omnibuses, with their 
times of starting, &c. : — 

Cheetham Hill, from the Swan, Market-street, 
every half hour 

Eccles, from the Swan, Market-street, at 9 J, 10, 
and 11 in the morning ; and at 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 
8 in the evening. 

Greenheys, from New Brown-street end, at 9, 10, 
x 



238 HACKNEY COACHES. 

and 11 in the morning; and at 1, 2f, 3, 4, 5 J, 6^, 
and 7-| in the evening. 

Greenheys, ( Batty 's), from Cunliffe and Co.'s 
Bank, Market-street, every half hour, from 9 in the 
morning till 8 at night. 

Higher Broughton and Zoological Gardens, 
from Hardy and Unthanks, Market-street, at 9j in 
the morning ; 1^, 2, 3 J, 4^, 5, 6, 7, and 8 o'clock 
in the evening. 

Longsight, from Pall-mall, Market-street, at 9 
and 10 in the morning ; and at 1, If, 5, 6J, and 8 
in the evening. 

Lower Broughton and Zoological Gardens, from 
the lower end of Market-street, at 1,1^, 3, 3 J, 5, 6, 
7, and 8 in the evening, except Sundays, at a quar- 
ter to 1. 

Pendleton, from the Swan, Market-street, every 
quarter of an hour. 

Upper Brook-street and Plymouth Grove, New 
Brown-street, at %\ and 9\ in the morning ; and 1, 
2J, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the evening. 

HACKNEY COACHES. 

The Hackey Coach stands are in St. Ann's-square, 
Piccadilly, Railway Station, Water-street, St. 
Peter's Church, Hunt's Bank, Tame-street, An- 
coats, and New Cross, Manchester. 

New Bailey, Chapel-street, opposite St. Philip's 
Church, Salford. 

All- Saints' Church, Upper Brook-street, Tuer- 
street, Oxford-road; and Lloyd-street, Burlington- 
street, Chorlton-upon-Medlock. 

Ardwick Green, Ardwick. 

The following is a list of fares which are allowed 
to be taken by Hackney coachmen, as regulated by 
the Commissioners of Police : — 



COACH OFFICES. 239 

Day Fares for Carriages drawn by Tivo Horses. 

s. d. 
For every such carriage, hired, or taken any distance, 
not exceeding two-thirds of a mile, or one thousand, 
one hundred, and seventy-two yards 1 

Exceeding two-thirds of a mile, and not exceeding one 
mile, or one thousand, seven hundred, and sixty 
yards 1 6 

And for every succeeding third of a mile, or five hundred 

and eighty-six yards 8 

If for time, then, for any time not exceeding a quarter of 

an hour 1 

For every succeeding quarter of an hour 6 

For every stoppage to take up more than one, and for 
every stoppage to set down more than two, an 
additional 6 

For every quarter of an hour waiting after being called... 6 

For every person above four, an addition of one-forth 
of the whole fare. 



Day Fares for Carriages drawn by One Horse; such Carriages 
not being allowed to carry more than four persons, besides 
the Driver. 

s. d. 

For any distance not exceeding one mile 1 

For any time not exceeding a quarter of an hour 1 

For distances exceeding one mile, and time exceeding a 
quarter of an horn*, two-thirds of the rates and fares 
allowed in those respects for carriages drawn by 
two horses. 

The Night Fares commence at 12 o'clock, and 
are double the Day Fares. There are no Cabs 
licensed in Manchester, 



COACH OFFICES. 

The principal Coach Offices in Manchester, are 
adjoining the Royal Hotel, Market-street ; Mosley 
Arms, Piccadilly ; Talbot Inn, Market-street ; Com- 
mercial Inn, Brown-street; Swan Inn, Market-street; 
Star Inn, Deansgate ; and King's Arms Inn, King- 
street. 



240 POLICE DISTRICTS. 



HOTELS AND INNS.* 



The following are the principal Inns and Hotels 
in Manchester, viz. — 

Royal Hotel, (a coaching house,) Market-street. 

York Hotel, (a family house,) King-street. 

Talbot Inn, Market-street. 

King's Arms Inn, (a coaching house,) King-street. 

Commercial Inn, (a coaching house,) Market-street. 

MendeVs Hotel, Bridge-street. 

Ladymans Hotel, Bridge-street. 

Star Hotel, (a coaching house,) Deansgate. 

Hush Inn, Deansgate. 

Swan Inn, (a coaching house,) Market-street. 

Mosley Arms Hotel, (a coaching house,) Piccadilly. 

Albion Hotel, Piccadilly. 

Flying Horse Inn, Market- street. 

Bywaters Hotel, Peter-street. 

Clarence Hotel, Spring-gardens. 

POLICE DISTRICTS. 

For the convenience of public business, the towns 
of Manchester and Salford are divided into districts, 
which are thus apportioned by the Commissioners of 
Police. 

Names and Boundaries of the Police Districts of 
Manchester. 

No. 1, New Cross District, bounded by the New 
Cross and Great Ancoats-street, Oldham-road, and 
the River Medlock. 

No 2, St. Michael's District, bounded by Oldham- 
street, Swan-street, Milller-street, part of Long Mill- 
gate, to Scotland bridge, and along the river Irk. 

No. 3, Collegiate Church District, bounded by 
Scotland bridge, and part of Long Millgate, to and 
through Miller-street, by Shudehill, Hanging-ditch, 

* In 1773 the only Inn in Manchester, where Wine might 
he purchased, was the Bull's Head, in the Market-place, 
at that time the principal Inn. Very few were the houses, 
which, at that time, sold Spirits. 



POLICE DISTRICTS. 24.1 

Cateaton-street, down to Salford bridge, the river 
Irwell, and the North-side of the said Church. 

No. 4, St. Clement's District, bounded by Great 
Ancoats-street, Lever- street, and the river Medlock. 

No. 5, St. Paul's District, bounded by Lever- 
street, New Cross, Swan-street, Shudehill, Nicholas 
Croft, High-street, Market-street, and Piccadilly. 

No. 6, Exchange District, bounded by Market- 
street, St. Mary's-gate, Deansgate, Cateaton-street, 
Hanging-ditch, Withy-grove, Nicholas-croft, and 
High-street. 

No. 7, Minshull District, bounded by Piccadilly, 
London-road, Portland-street, Brook-street, and the 
river Medlock. 

No. 8, St. James s District, bounded by Picca- 
dilly, Portland-street, Bond-street, and Fountain- 
street. 

No. 9, St. Ann's District, bounded by St. Mary- 
gate, Market-street, Fountain-street, Brazennose- 
street, Princess-street, and Deansgate. 

No. 10, Oxford-street District, bounded by Bond- 
street, Brook-street, Mosley-street, and the river 
Medlock. 

No. 11, St. Peter's District, bounded by Mosley- 
street, the river Medlock, Deansgate, Brazennose- 
street, and Princess-street. 

No. 12, St. Mary's District, bounded by Old 
Bridge-street, Deansgate, Bridge- street, and the 
river Irwell. 

No. 13, Old Quay District, bounded by Bridge- 
street, Deansgate, Quay-street, and the river Irwell. 

No. 14, St John's District, bounded by Quay- 
street, Deansgate, the Canal, the river Medlock, and 
the river Irwell. 

Names and Boundaries of the Police Districts of 
Salford. 

No. 1, Blackfriars' District, bounded by Old 
x2 



242 POLICE DISTRICTS. 

Bridge-street, Chapel-street, New Bailey-street, and 
the river Irwell. 

No. 2, Islington District, bounded by New 
Bailey-street, Bank-parade, Oldfield-road, the Man- 
chester, Bolton & Bury Canal, and the river Irwell. 

♦No. 3, Oldfield-road District, bounded by the 
Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal, the river Irwell, 
the township of Pendlebury, the New-road to Eccles, 
Regent-road, and Oldfield-road. 

No. 4, Crescent District, bounded by Oldfield- 
road, the New-road to Eccles, the townships of Pen- 
dlebury and Pendleton, the Crescent, and Broken- 
bank. 

No. 5, St Philip's District, bounded by the 
townships of Pendleton and Broughton, Broughton- 
road, Pleasant-street, St. Stephen's-street, White- 
cross -bank, the Crescent, and New Windsor. 

No. 6, St Stephen's District, bounded by Chapel- 
street, St. Stephen's-street, and Bury-street. 

No. 7, Trinity Chapel District, bounded by 
Chapel-street, (including Trinity Chapel,) Bury- 
street, St. Stephen's-street, Pleasant-street, Brough- 
ton-road, and Greengate. 

No. 8, Greengate District, bounded by the town- 
ship of Broughton, the river Irwell, Old Bridge- 
street, Greengate, and Broughton-road. 

WARDS UNDER THE CHARTER. 

As in the case of the Commissioners of Police, so 
under the Charter of Incorporation recently granted 
to Manchester, the Borough is apportioned, into 
what are called " Wards." 

It may be proper to notice here, that the Charter 
includes the district comprised within the boundries 
of the townships of 

Manchester, Ardwick, 

Chorlton-upon - Medlock, Beswick, 

Hulme, Cheetham. 



WARDS. 243 

It is dated the 23rd day of October, 1838. " It 
grants to the body corporate all the powers, au- 
thorities, immunities, and privileges enjoyed by the 
Boroughs named in the Municipal Corporation Act, 
as fully and amply as if Manchester had been in- 
cluded in the Schedule of that Act." 

The Council consists of a Mayor, sixteen Alder- 
men, and forty-eight Councillors. 

Under the provisions of the Charter, the Borough 
is divided into fifteen 

WARDS, 

Manchester includes nine, the out-townships six, 

called 

New Cross Ward, I St. Ann's Ward, 

St Michael's Ward, j All- Saint's Ward, 

Collegiate Church Ward, | St. Luke's Ward 
St. Clement's Ward, 



Exchange Ward, 
Oxford Ward, 
St. James's Ward, 
St. John's Ward, 



St. George's Ward, 
Medlock Street Ward, 
Ardwick Ward, 

and 
Cheetham Ward. 



The boundaries of the Wards correspond with the 
Police Districts as follow, 

New Cross, the same as No. 1 Police District. 

St. Michael's No. 2 

Collegiate Church Nos. 3 and 5 

St. Clement's No. 4 

Exchange.... Isos. 6 and 12 

Oxford Nos. 7 and 10 

St. James's Nos. 8 and 11 

St. John's Nos. 13 and 14 

St. Ann's No, 9 

The above include the whole of the township of 
Manchester. 

Chorlton-upon-Medlock is divided into Two 
wards, namely, All- Saints' Ward, including all the 
township west of Oxford-Road and York-street; 
and St. Luke's Ward, which includes the remainder 
of the township. 



244 WARDS. 

The township of Hulme is also divided into Two 
wards, namely, St. George's Ward, which includes 
that part of the township west of Knott Mill, 
Jackson's-lane, Jackson-street, Preston-street, and 
Moss-lane; and Medlock-street Ward, including 
the remainder of the township. 

Ardwick Ward includes the townships of Ardwick 
and Beswick. 

Cheetham Ward, the township of Cheetham. 

New Cross Ward returns six Councillors, and the 
other fourteen wards three Councillors each. 



REFERENCES 



TO 



THE FIGURES ON THE MAP, 

Which are marked to indicate the Localities of the Principal Chapels. 



NO. 

1. Baptist. 

2. N. Connexion Methodist. 

3. Wesleyan. 

4. Independent. 

5. Unitarian. 

6. Baptist. 

7. Swedenborgian. 

8. Welsh Chapel. 

9. Welsh Chapel. 

10. N. Connexion Methodist. 

11. Swedenborgians. 

12. Wesleyan. 

13. Wesleyan. 

14. Cowherdite. 

15. Unitarian. 



NO. 

16. Wesleyan. 

17. Catholic. 

18. Catholic. 

19. Christ Church. 

20. Catholic, 

21. Wesleyan. 

22. Christ Church. 

23. Catholic. 

24. Independent. 

25. Wesleyan. 

26. Evangelical Friends. 

27. Wesleyan Association. 

28. Independent. 

29. Baptist. 

30. Independent. 



Note.— On the accompanying Map, the Railways completed, and 
those for which Acts of Parliament have been obtained, are denoted by a 
thick black line. Railways in contemplation only, such as the several 
Junction Railways proposed, are marked with a double-thin line. The 
Bolton Junction, commencing at the Bolton Station, in New Bailey 
Street, in Salford, and running into the Leeds Junction, which will ter- 
minate a little higher than the Leeds Station, in Oldham-road, has only 
just obtained an Act of Parliament. Of course the dark line marking its 
track, will not be mistaken for a completed Railway. 



INDEX. 



A PAGE 

Advertisement Duty paid in Manchester 197 

AgHcultural Society 123 

Architectnral Society 119 

Ardwick Cemetery 180 

Assembly Rooms 142 

Athenceum 100 

B 

Banks 194 

Barracks . . . s 154 

Baths , 161 

Bally 's Gallery of Casts 117 

Bible Society 79 

Bleaching and Calico Printing 220 

Blind Asylum 88 

Blue Coat Boys 82 

Blue Coat Hospital 81 

Bolton Railway 175 

Boroughreeve's Charities 71 

Botanical Society , 121 

Bridges 154 

Bridgewater Canal 156 

Butcher's Meat consumed in England ...... 159 

Butchers* Meat consumed in Manchester 159 

C 

Calico Printing 220 

Canals, 8fc 156 

Cemeteries 179 

Chamber of Commerce 192 

Charter of Incorporation 243 

Chetham College 81 

Chetham Library 127 

Choral Society 140 

Chorlton-up oh- Medio ck Dispensary 63 

Churches, List of 48 

Churchwardens' offices 146 

Club, The Albion 137 

Club, The Union 136 

Coach Offices 239 

Coal, Consumption of , 25 

Coal Field of Lancashire 23 

Collegiate Church » . . 41 



INDEX. 

Collegiate Church, Marriages at the 45 

Commercial Clerks* Society 77 

Commercial Men of Manchester t 37 

Concert Hall 139 

Corn Exchange 193 

Cotton, Consumption of 17 

Cotton Mills 203 

Cotton Mills, Note on. 203 

Cotton Trade, Capital in the : 17 

Cotton Trade, Extent of the 16 

Cotton Trade, Number of persons employed in the 18 

D 

Bolton, Br 112 

Bay and Infant Schools 93 

Beafand Bumb in England, Number of 84 

Beafand Bumb School 84 

Binner Hour 39 



Early History, Sketch of. 12 

Early Manufacturers 9 profits ., 14 

Ecclesiastical Bistricts 50 

Education, State of 30 

Education of Factory Children 97 

Educational Society and its Schools 94 

Eminent Persons, Writers, 8fc 185 

Exchange, The 191 

Eye Institution * 65 

F 

Factory Children, Education of 97 

Fairs 161 

Fire Engine Establishment of the Police , , 150 

G 

Gas Works, Manchester , . , 147 

Gas Works, Salford 147 

Geological Sketch . . 22 

Geological Society 113 

Glee Club, The Gentleman's 140 

Glee Club 140 

Grammar School 83 

Grand Junction Railway 172 

Guardian Society 196 

H 

Hackney Coaches 238 

Harpurhey Cemetery 179 

Horticultural Society 124 

Hotels and Inns 240 



INDEX. 

House of Recovery j 63 

Humane Society 66 

I 

Imports of Cotton into Liverpool , 15 

Improvements 19 

Increase of Manufactures , 14 

Increase of Population 11 

Influence of Manufactures on Morals 26 

Influence of the Factory System on Health 30 

Infant Schools 92 

Infirmary, Royal 61 

J 

Jubilee School 89 

Junction Railway 176 

L 

Lancasterian School* 89 

Law Courts , 165 

Libraries, Circulating 135 

Library, New Subscription 134 

Library, Old Subscription 132 

Library of General Knowledge 134 

Literary and Philosophical Society Ill 

Liverpool, Docks 1 Tonnage 20 

Liverpool and Manchester Railway , 169 

Lock Hospital ? .. .. 65 

Local Government c , , . . 21 

Locomotive Engine and Tool-makers 213 

London and Birmingham Railway, Note 168 

Lyceum, Ancoats 108 

Lyceum, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 108 

Lyceum, Salford 108 

Lying-in Hospital 63 

M 

Manchester and Birmingham Railway 175 

Manchester and Leeds Railway , 174 

Markets 159 

Mechanics' Institution, Manchester 102 

Mechanics' Institution, Salford 106 

Medical Schools 93 

Medical Officers ... 64 

Members of Parliament and Constituency 21 

Mills and Factories 202 

N 

Natural History Society 124 

National Schools 90 

Night Asylum for the Poor 66 



INDEX. 

New Bailey Prison 163 

Newspapers 189 

Newspaper Stamps in Manchester 197 

O 

Oldest Chapel 47 

Old Halls 182 

Omnibuses 237 

P 

Parthenon 109 

Patients, Charitable, Increase of 64 

Penitentiary 78 

Phrenological Society 115 

Places of Worship 48 to 60 

Poets in Manchester 189 

Police Districts 240 

Poors' Rate, Amount of, in England 68 

Portico, The 192 

Population 11 

Post Office 197 

Post Office— Departure of Mails, Sfc. , 236 

Power-looms 204 

Practical Science, Society for the encouragement of. ..... 120 

Prisoners, 164 

Provident Society 76 

R 

Races, Manchester 143 

Races, Heaton Park , 144 

Races, Defence of, in 1733 143 

Railways 168 

Railway Despatch 170 

Railway Travelling 177 

Railway Trains, Times of Starting : — 

Liverpool and Manchester and Branches 230 

Grand Junction 232 

Bolton 233 

Leeds 235 

Registrars of Births, Marriages, and Deaths 222 

Registrars, First General Annual Report of the 222 

Religion of Heads of Families 32 

Royal Institution 110 

Rusholme Road Cemetery 179 

S 

Salford Dispensary 62 

Savings' Bank 194 

Scenery about Manchester and Salford 10 

School of Design 106 

Schools of Medicine 93 

Y 



INDEX. 

Self-acting Machinery 218 

Sheffield and Manchester Railway 175 

Silk Mill 207 

Situation of Manchester and Salford 9 

Smallware Mills 208 

Society for Prosecution of Felons 167 

Sperm Oil, Note on 204 

Stage Coach duty in Manchester 197 

Stamp Office 196 

Steam Engine-making and Engineering s 210 

Steam Power, Amount of 19 

Suburbs of the Town 181 

Sunday Schools 90 

Sunday Scholars at Ardwick 91 

T 

Temperance Society 74 

Theatres 142 

Town Mission 73 

Town Hall, Manchester 145 

Town Hall, Salford 146 

Town Hall, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 146 

Towns in the Neighbourhood , . . . 183 

Trades' Union 32 

Trinity Chapel 46 

V 
Victoria Park 181 

Warehouses, Notice of 201 

Wards under the Charter 242 

Water Works Company , 148 

Wesleyan Preaching House, The First 47 

Wesleyan Circuits 55 

Working Classes — their Dwellings 29 

Working Classes — their Occupations 29 

Working Classes, Condition of the, in 1755 36 

Workhouse, Manchester 68 

Workhouse, Salford 69 

Z 
Zoological Gardens 138 



LOVE A>'D BARTON, PRINTERS, MANCHESTER. 



-® 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



J. STEPHENSON, 

FROM LONDON, 

HISTORICAL, LANDSCAPE, AND COMMERCIAL 

ENGRAVER, &C. 

| Respectfully announces to his friends and the public, that he 
I has removed from Ridgefield to more commodious offices j 

At No. 1, Market-place. 

J. S. has also to acquaint them that the business in future 
will be carried on under the firm of 

STEPHENSON AND ROYSTON; 
at the same time acknowledges with gratitude the patronage 
so greatly extended towards him during the short period he 
has resided in Manchester, and trusts that strict attention 
to the execution of orders entrusted to himself and partner 
will merit a continuance of the same. 

S. and R. having the advantage of many years' practical 
experience in the highest branches of the Profession, for 
Publishers, Bankers, Merchants, Manufacturers, 
&c, wish to direct the attention of those interested in each 
respective business to their originality of design and superior 
execution. 

S. and R. flatter themselves, that the favour of an inspec- 
tion of their Specimens will be a sufficient recommenda- 
tion for their support. 



J ADVEKTISEMENTS. 

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, 

HIGHER BROUGHTON, 

| One mile and three quarters from the Manchester Exchange, \ 
'/from whence Omnibuses run to the Gardens at the following ! 
| hours: — in the forenoon at ten o'clock, and after noon at one, 
J five minutes past one, half-past one, half-past two, three, four, 
\five, six, and seven, — fares, sixpence each person. 
\ These extensive Gardens occupy upwards of fifteen acres \ 
' of land, laid out in the best style of landscape gardening, ' 
with flowers, hardy shrubs, forest trees, pleasant prome- 
nades, arbours, rustic seats, tents, &c, &c. 

The collection of animals is extensive and valuable, ar- 
| ranged in buildings more spacious, well ventilated, and i 
! adapted to the nature of the animals, than has hitherto been \ 
\ attempted in similar establishments ; and it is presumed that ! 
i every animal will be found to possess more of its natural ; 
| habits, in consequence of the adaptation of the buildings, 
; than is generally found. From among the numerous col- 
; lection may be named — 

A beautiful African Lion and Lioness. 

Three Bengal Tigers, 

Seven Leopards, Puma, Jackall, Wolves, Polar Bears, Brown Bears, i 

A fine Female Asiatic Elephant. 

A Female Indian Rhinoceros, Dromedary, Buffalo, 

Zebu Bull, Cow, and Calf. 

Pair of Sambur Deer, Red Deer, Wapiti Deer, Axis Deer, 

and Fallow Deer. 

Llama, Alpaca, Vicugnas, &c. 

Foreign Sheep, Porcupines, Kangaroos, &c. 

THE AVIARY 

Is stocked with a choice assortment of Macaws, Parrots, Cockatoos, ! 
Lories, Widdah Birds, Weaver Birds, Nutmeg Birds, yellow and red \ 
Bishops, Java and Cut-throat Sparrows, with a many others from j 
i every part of the known globe. 

THE LARGE LAKE 

\ Is graced with Swans, Chinese, Canadian, Wild, Astrachan, and Swan 
, Geese, Widgeon Teal, Pochards, Pin-tail Ducks, Mallards, &c.; and ; 
the smaller lake with Pelicans, Storks, Sea Gulls, &c. &c. 

THE GALINACEOUS AVIARY 

1 Contains three varieties of Pea Fowl, Guinea Fowl, Gold, Silver, and 
i Pied Pheasants, Turtle Doves, Pigeons, &c; Dogs from China, Aus- 
1 tralia, Africa, and South America ; Bloodhouuds, Foxes, Badgers, 
&c; a fine Boa Constrictor, Alligators, &c; Racoons, Cavies, Ich- 
neumon, Emus, &c. 

IN THE MONKEY HOUSE 

Are ten varieties of the Quadmanna, to which additions are constantly 
being made. 

THE CAMERA OBSCURA 

Is fitted up with the latest improvements, from which an animated 
! view of the pleasing and ever-changing scene below can be obtained, 
! as well as a panoramic view of the neighbourhood. 

THE ARCHERY GROUND 

; Is upon a beautiful lawn, with turf butts. Ladies or gentlemen j 
| wishing to enjov this ancient game of skill, can be accommodated with 
; bows and arrows, at a small charge per hour. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



CHUBB'S 

NEW PATENT DETECTOR LOCKS 

Give perfect security from all attempts to pick or open them. 

They are made of all sizes, and adapted for every purpose 

I to which a lock can be applied. . 

(Extract from Br. Lardner y s Cyclopaedia, No. 42, page 273 J 

" There can be no doubt but that the construction and arrange- 
ment of the parts in Chubb's invention do combine in a very high de- 
gree the four principal requisites of a good Lock, viz. security, sim- 
plicity, strength, and durability. The first, particularly, is increased ; 
beyond calculation by a contrivance which not only renders it impos- ; 
sible to be picked or opened by any false instrument, but also detects \ 
the first attempt to open it,— thereby preventing those repeated 
efforts to which even the best Locks are sometimes exposed. 

" It has been found that the durability of Mr. Chubb's Lock is fully ! 
equal to its security : to test it on this point, a rather singular expe- | 
dient was resorted to at an early period of its history. An iron-rim ! 
Lock was attached to a steam engine in the dock-yard, at Portsmouth, | 
bv which method the bolt was shot backwards and forwards upwards 
of FOUR HUNDRED AND SIXTY THOUSAND TIMES; [ 
and yet, notwithstanding this amazing trial and friction, the Lock I 
was not in the least injured." 

CHUBB'S 

Patent Fire-proof Strong Rooms, Chests., Safes, \ 

Boxes, and Iron Doors, 

Which are perfectly secure against the force and ingenuity 
of the most skilful and determined Burglar ; and are Fire- 
Proof, as the following severe test, to which, a Box made 
on this principle has undergone, fully proves : — 

" Saw Mills, Grosvenor -basin, Pimlico, Jan. 25, 1836. 

" We certify, that these papers were enclosed in Chubb's Patent ! 

Fire-Proof Box, and exposed in the furnace of a steam engine of 22 ! 

horse power, by which the box became red hot in three minutes, and ' 

remained in the furnace in that state for a considerable time, and j 

were taken out in our presence perfectly uninjured. 

"R. R. Arnz, 

"E. W. Lower, 

" R. Goodman, Engineer." 

Patent Fire- Proof Boxes, forming a complete security for Deeds, j 
Plate, Jewellery, &c, of all sizes, on sale or made to order. 

ALL THE ABOVE ARE FITTED WITH CHUBB'S PATENT DETECTOR 
LOCKS. 

IjHf Wrought Iron Fire-Proof Chests, Safes, and Iron \ 
Doors for Strong Rooms, Japan Deed Boxes, Cash Boxes, on \ 
sale and made to order, all fitted with the Detector Locks, at \ 

CHARLES CHUBB AND SON'S, 

3, St. Mary's Gate, Manchester. 

Y 2 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 

BEART'S 

fatent 



SELF-ACTING 




PNEUMATIC 



FILTERS. 



The brilliant and rapid results produced by 
Heart's Patent Self-acting Pneumatic Filter 

make it an invaluable acquisition 

TO COFFEE DRINKERS, 

by extracting all the aromatic quality in four or five minutes, 
; and producing a more delightful beverage, than by any other 
| means yet offered to the public : 

TO CHEMISTS, 

by filtering Tinctures of the most glutinous nature, Decoc- 
tions, &c, in a few minutes, as bright as crystal, some of \ 
which would require many hours by the ordinary method : 

TO WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, 

I by filtering Foreign and British Wines, Spirits, Liqueurs, 
&c, to the very bottom of the vessel, rapidly and effectually : 

TO CONFECTIONERS, COOKS, ETC. 

by filtering Water, Soups, Jellies, Gravies, &c, in a most ! 
\ beautiful and satisfactory manner. 

MANUFACTURERS, WOLVERHAMPTON. 



SOLD BY 

E. FILDES, 
Iron and Tinplate Worker, 

Jnd authorized Gas-fitter for Manchester, Salford, $ Neighbourhood j 
15, MARKET-STREET, MANCHESTER. 



-<* 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



YORK HOTEL, 



1 I I L I H®W 



Ki NG-STREET, 



Rfflff\lKJ©[K][lSTS[Sa 



ROBERT SWYER. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 

CHARLES SWAIN, 

©ngraber, 

2 6 ; Fennel-street, 

(near the collegiate church,) 

MANCHESTER. 



DOMINIC BOLONGARO, 

CARVER, GILDER, PRINTSELLER, AND PUBLISHER, 
32, MARKET-STREET, 

l^andjestrr, 

Has constantly on hand a large collection of ancient and 
modern Engravings ; Railway, Mechanical, and Sporting 
Prints ; Drawings on Silk for Embroidery ; Mathematical 
Instruments ; and every material used by Pattern De- 
signers, and for the Arts generally. 

OLD PAINTINGS CLEANED AND RESTORED. 

Manufacturer of Barometer s. Thermometer 's,Hydrometers,fyc. 

DEALER IN FOREIGN BIRDS AND SKINS. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



BOTTLED AT OPORTO. 



THIS 

FINE OLD PORT WINE, 

Bottled at the wine lodges of the celebrated Portuguese < 
firm of "Wye and Co. Oporto, has been pronounced by the { 
most competent judges to be the finest and purest specimen ] 
of the wines of the Alto Douro. At 42s. per dozen, bottles ] 
included, or in the Portuguese cases of three dozen at six ! 
guineas per case, bottles, duty, and cases included. 

TERMS, CASH, NET, ON DEEITERY. 

The chests, in which Wye's Ports are imported, have the ; 
marks of her Majesty's customs painted on them, and every \ 
cork has Wye at the top and bottom of it. 

Purchasers in wood can have their wines direct from ] 
Oporto in pipes, hogsheads, and quarter pipes, the same as ! 
in bottle, at £77 yer pipe, £39 per hogshead, or £19 10s. the \ 
quarter pipe, duty included. 

"W". S. Walsh and Co. of London, having appointed Mr. 
C. D. Hope sole agent in Manchester for the sale of their ] 
wines, have consigned to him the following, under the en- 
gagement that they are the highest character of foreign j 
wines imported. 

Old and Superior Sherry Wine, direct from Jerez de la 

Frnntera, in Andalusia, in dozen bottles 44s. 

White Port, from the house of Wye and Co. Oporto, the six- 
teenth shipment 50s. 

Constantia, in pints 44s. 

Vino Vergine, a rich sweet Wine of Vesuvius, in pints 20s. 

Tinto De Rota, in pints 20s. 

Lagrima De Malaga, in pints 20s. 

West India Medeira 48s. 

Closvougeot 84s. 

Volnav 60s. 

Cote Rotie 50s. 

Shah of Persia's Wine, or the Wine of Shiraz, the vines are 

cultivated by the Guebres, or fire worshipers, in pints 50s. 

The above rates include the Bottles and Case. 

TERMS — CASH, NET, ON DELIVERY. 

C D. HOPE, 

©ommtssiou i&erdjant, 

Cross-street, Sing-street, 

(next door to Fletcher's sale rooms,) 

MANGGaisiim. 



\ 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 

GOLD & SZ1.VER WATCH SSAUFACTUR^ZIS, ! 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

W. MAYO AND SON, 

13, BSarket- street, 

(Opposite New aW s Buildings, J 

Beg to tender their best thanks to their friends and the 

public of Manchester, Salford, and surrounding districts, 

for the liberal support they have received during a period of j 

: six years ; and, being desirous to merit a continuance of ; 

| their favours and patronage, would invite their attention to 

• the prices of some of their Watches, &c, in order to convince 

them that nothing can be gained by purchasing the (so 

; called "London Made,'') believing that many can bear testi- 

! mony as to the "value" of the " warranted," when spun to 

the length of 200 miles, although they may travel by steam. 

Ladles' size Gold Vertical Watches, jewelled, from £9 9 

Ladies' size Gold Lever Watches, jewelled, from 14 14 

Gentlemen's size Gold Lever Watches, jewelled, from 16 16 

Fine Gold Guard Chains, weighing three sovereigns 4 

Fine Gold Guard Chains, weighing four sovereigns 5 

Silver Lever Watches, any size, from P 15 

Silver Lever Watches, Flat and Skeleton, for the waistcoat 

pocket, from 8 8 

Silver Verge Watches, from . 3 3 

Eight Days Timepieces, suitable for shops, offices, inns, &c. 

from 4 

W. M. and Son desire further to state, that all their Leyer 
Watches are made on the latest improvements, i. e. — the 
detached escapement, and with maintaining power to go 
while winding up ; and that every Watch is manufactured 
under the immediate inspection of Mr. Mayo, Sen. so that 
they can, with the greatest confidence, guarantee and re- 
commend them, while they are enabled to compete with 
any one in the trade, either in price or quality. 

All kinds of Clocks, Watches, and Jewellery, cleaned and ; 
repaired with care and despatch. — Charges moderate. 

THE TRADE SUPPLIED WITH WATCHES ON THE SAME 
TERMS AS AT THE MANUFACTORY. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 




fatent 
LETTER-COPYING MACHINES. 



KITCHXE'S 

: PATENT COPYING PRESSES, with every necessary 
; apparatus, for taking instant copies of Letters, Accounts 
: Current, &c, are sold by LOVE & BARTON, Whole- 
i sale and Retail Stationers, No. 10, Market-street, 
! Manchester. 



W. MOUNTCASTLE, 

21, (late 11,) Market-street, 
MANCHESTER. 




THESE are to require you to swear and admit Mr. : 
: WILLIAM MOUNTCASTLE into the place and quality j 
! of HATTER, at Manchester, in ordinary to HER < 
j MAJESTY ; to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said \ 
: place, together with all rights, profits, privileges, and advan- j 
| tages thereunto belonging ; and for so doing this shall be I 
| your warrant. — Given under my hand and seal this second | 
! day of April, 1838, in the first year of Her Majesty's reign. 

CONYNGHAM, $ 

Lord Chamberlain. 
! To Her Majesty's Gentleman Usher in daily waiting. 

| Mr. William Mountcastle has been sworn and ad- 
! mitted in conformity with the above Warrant. 

WILLIAM MARTEN, 

Gentleman Usher to the Queen in daily waiting. \ 



AD VERTXSEMENTS. 

WELSH SLATE WORKS, 

NEWTON-STREET, GREAT ANCOATS-STREET. 

Slate Rooms and Office, No. 26, St. Ann's-street, 
Manchester. 



The Proprietors having, in addition to their works at j 
Ancoats, just completed the erection of extensive machinery ! 
for working Slabs at their extensive Quarries in North : 
; "Wales, whereby they avoid the carriage of waste, have the \ 
\ satisfaction to announce that they are enabled to effect a very < 
: considerable reduction in prices. They court the atten- 
j tion of Architects, Builders, and others, to their Slate \ 
j Rooms, where will be found patterns of most of the under- 
; mentioned articles : — 

Slate Chimney Pieces, of various pattern, from 6s. 

■upwards. 
Slate Cisterns, the purest and strongest receptacle 

for water. 
Slate Baths, plain, and adapted to the figure, in 

French polished mahogany. 
Slate Filtering Machines, of various designs, and 

on the most approved principles. 
Slate Headstones and Monuments, plain and 

carved. 
Slate Slabs, for Butlers'' pantries and larders. 
Slate Skirtings, of all patterns. 
Slate Mangers, circular or long. 
Slate Slabs, for billiard tables and bagatelle boards. 
Slate Drain and Sink Stones. 
Slate Salting and Milk Vessels. 
Slate Hearth Stones. 
Slate Mangles, in cast iron and wood frames. 

And a variety of other articles to which Slate is applicable. 
The slate of which the above are manufactured is of a j 
; beautiful jet black colour, free from spots or stains of any \ 
• kind, approaching ebony in appearance, or black marble, j 
when polished. It is at least six times as strong and durable : 
i as the hardest stone, and not liable to be affected by heat or j 
I frost. 

N. B.— A large Stock of Roofing Slates, Ridge Tiles, ; 
Writing Slates, Pencils, &c, constantly on hand. 



Or 



